Alternatives to Fight Against Coccidiosis: A Review (original) (raw)
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Efficacy of a commercial herbal formula in chicken experimental coccidiosis
Parasites & Vectors
Background: Coccidiosis represents a serious threat to the poultry industry, affecting production and causing high morbidity, mortality and significant costs resulting from treatment and prophylaxis. In-feed anticoccidials have been used for decades for managing avian coccidiosis and were very effective until drug resistance emerged. The use of natural remedies has become a promising alternative in combating coccidiosis in chickens. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to assess the efficiency of a commercial herbal formula (H), as oral liquid preparations, in experimental chicken coccidiosis. Methods: Two independent controlled battery experiments (BE1 and BE2) were designed and the product was tested in 3 different formulas (H1, H2 and H3): H1 contained a propylene glycol extract of Allium sativum and Thymus serpyllum; H2 contained Origanum vulgare, Satureja hortensis and Chelidonium majus; and H3 contained Allium sativum, Urtica dioica, Inula helenium, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Rosmarinus officinalis, Chelidonium majus, Thymus serpyllum, Tanacetum vulgare and Coriandrum sativum. Chickens were divided into five groups for each BE as follows: (i) uninfected untreated control (UU1, UU2); (ii) infected untreated control (IU1, IU2); (iii) infected treated with amprolium (ITA1, ITA2); and (iv, v) two experimental groups infected treated with H1 (ITH1) and H2 (ITH2) formulas in the BE1 and with H3 (ITH3-5 and ITH3-10) formula in the BE2. The chickens from infected groups were challenged with 5000 (BE1) and 50,000 (BE2) sporulated oocysts of Eimeria spp. (E. acervulina, E. tenella and E. maxima), respectively. The anticoccidial efficacy was assessed by recording the following: oocysts output (OPG), lesion score (LS), weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and anticoccidial index (ACI). Additionally, polyphenolics and flavonoids (caffeic-chlorogenic acid, apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, quercitin, quercitrin) from herb extracts found in H3 formula were determined by the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Results: H1 and H2 reduced the WG, and increased the FCR and OPG compared with controls. H1 reduced the duodenal lesions, whilst H2 reduced the caecal lesions, compared with control. H3 decreased the OPG of Eimeria spp., reduced the total lesion score and improved the zootechnical performance (weight gain and feed conversion ratio). According to ACI value, H1 and H2 had no efficacy on Eimeria spp. infection, but H3 had good to marked anticoccidial effect, the ACI being slightly greater in the group ITH3-5. According to the results of LC-MS/MS, the concentration of polyphenols in H3 formula was the highest, the sum of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid being 914.9 µg/ml.
Phytogenic Feed Additives as a Coccidiostat in Poultry
2012
Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease that influences farm animals. The disease severely affects poultry leading to real economic losses. This occurs by affecting growth and feed efficiency, causing death of birds and expending a lot of money for vaccination and inclusion of anticoccidial drugs into the diet for the long period. In the last years development of resistance against anticoccidial drugs was the problem that disquieting poultry producers and researchers. Above issues were encouraging researchers to looking for natural, cheap alternatives to control coccidiosis. Anticoccidial properties of various natural products such as Ageratum conyzoides extract (Billy goat weed), green tea, maslinic acid (found in leaves and fruit of olive tree), extract of Musa paradisiacal root, coumestans from Eclipta alba, extract of a wild mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum), extract of Artemisia sieberi, extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves, leaves of Artemisia annua and Aloe vera-based diet were reported. Ability of other materials to improve the resistance of birds against coccidiosis was demonstrated, such as commercial probiotic (MitoMax) and Lactobacillus-based probiotic. These findings give hope to producers and researchers regarding the control of coccidiosis without the risk of drug resistant. Therefore this research aims to exhibit scientific literature that discussed the use of phytogenics as natural coccidiostat in poultry diet with focus on their mode of action.
Natural Compounds as an Alternative to Control Farm Diseases: Avian Coccidiosis
Farm Animals Diseases, Recent Omic Trends and New Strategies of Treatment, 2018
Coccidiosis is one of the most aggressive and expensive parasite diseases in poultry industry worldwide. Currently, the most used control techniques are chemoprophylaxis and anticoccidial feed additives. Although there is a great variety of commercial anticoccidial drugs and vaccines in the market, there is also a significant resistance to use them in animals with human as final consumer. To date, none available product offers effective protection toward coccidiosis; however, the search for novel strategies to control this disease continues, and natural products have arisen as a potential way to cope with avian coccidiosis. In this chapter, we highlight recent advances in natural compounds, their anticoccidial properties, and mechanisms.
Control of Avian Coccidiosis: Present and Future Strategies for Natural Alternatives of Therapeutics
Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research, 2018
Avian coccidiosis has great economic impacts on poultry enterprise. Coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria species mostly affecting epithelium of the birds intestines causing enteric problems. Prominent clinical outcomes are bloody diarrhoea, poor FCR, weight gain and growth rate with high morbidity and mortality rate. For the control of coccidiosis various strategies have been adapted including chemical agents and feed additives. But due to their repeated use, drug resistance to Eimeria species emerged thus badly affecting their efficacy. Moreover, these chemical agents have adverse effects on birds health and meat quality. Therefore, alternatives are used nowadays including natural and herbal products having the desired efficacy without harmful effects. Natural products and their anticoccidial activity have been reviewed in this study. This group comprises herbal extracts, fatty acids, fungal extracts, probiotics and immune response immunomodulators with proven anticoccidial activity. Additionally, poultry industry and economic cost of coccidiosis as well as classical strategies used in the control of avian coccidiosis are also reviewed.
A comprehensive overview of coccidiosis in chicken
Animal Industry and Technology
Coccidiosis is the main parasitic disease resulting from the intracellular protozoan that targets each different part of the intestinal tract leading to destroy in poultry. For this reason, coccidiosis induces an enormous economic loss in the poultry industry. Eimeria life cycle is complicated and comprised of exogenous and endogenous stages inducing an inflammatory response which results in enteric damage associated with diarrheal hemorrhage, disorder digestion of feed and nutrient absorption, dehydration, blood loss, mortality. Hence, it is very important to understand the information of Eimeria parasites for elimination and treatment. This disease has been controlled by various anticoccidial drugs and vaccines as the most common management practices. However, not only the occurrence of drug resistance due to anticoccidial drugs but lack of a guarantee of safety with vaccine use, has led to the development of alternative strategies to control coccidiosis. For these reasons, phytogenic compounds are emerging for the control and prevention of poultry coccidiosis to alternate previous methods. The main aim of this review is to provide an overview of coccidiosis including etiology, morphology, life cycle, pathogenicity, clinical sign, diagnosis, control and prevention.
Role of Natural Antioxidants for the Control of Coccidiosis in Poultry
Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 2013
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Intervention Strategies for Controlling Poultry Coccidiosis: Current Knowledge
scienceline, 2021
Poultry coccidiosis is considered one of the most important continuous threats that frustrates the poultry industry around the world and causes serious adverse effects on poultry productivity. Accordingly, this article comprehensively reviewed the recent control strategies that are applied against such disease regarding medication, vaccination, and application of some natural products. The causative agent of coccidiosis is a protozoon parasite of the genus Eimeria. This parasite is characterized by the host, different parts of the intestines, and immune specificity. Chicken is the most susceptible host to intestinal infections with Eimeria species. Diarrhea, loss of profitability, and intestinal lesions are the most characteristic clinical picture of Eimeria infection. Prevention and control of such infections remain a great problem. The application of hygienic measures is still the gold standard for the prevention of avian coccidiosis. Anticoccidials medication either in the feed or water can effectively reduce Eimeria infection, however, the development of drug resistance to the commonly used anticoccidial drugs is incessant. Live nonattenuated and attenuated as well as recombinant and sub-unit vaccines were developed with some limitations. Therefore, using some natural alternatives, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and phytobiotics have emerged as anticoccidial compounds.
A Review of Approaches Targeting the Replacement of Coccidiostat Application in Poultry Production
Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola, 2015
The classical and the most commonly used approach for the prevention of coccidiosis in chickens is the incorporation of synthetic coccidiostats into their feed during the first weeks of their life. This approach has been challenged by consumers, objecting against residual antimicrobials and drug resistant microorganisms that may contaminate poultry products. Moreover, the coccidiostat application approach has been challenged in the last decade by the emerging regulations in the developed world, targeting the cessation of such a practice. The pressures from the consumers as well as from regulation agencies resulted in a great need for alternative methods to reduce, or completely replace the use of coccidiostats in modern chicken production. This replacement requires seeking for safer products that do not have any negative impact on the consumer's health. Such products are very much in demand, especially in organic poultry farming. The purpose of this review is to present approaches for the replacement of coccidiostat application in chickens through improvements in poultry house management, research in vaccine developments, and application of holistic natural products for the prevention of the economic losses resulting from coccidiosis.
The classical and the most commonly used approach for the prevention of coccidiosis in chickens is the incorporation of synthetic coccidiostats into their feed during the first weeks of their life. This approach has been challenged by consumers, objecting against residual antimicrobials and drug resistant microorganisms that may contaminate poultry products. Moreover, the coccidiostat application approach has been challenged in the last decade by the emerging regulations in the developed world, targeting the cessation of such a practice. The pressures from the consumers as well as from regulation agencies resulted in a great need for alternative methods to reduce, or completely replace the use of coccidiostats in modern chicken production. This replacement requires seeking for safer products that do not have any negative impact on the consumer's health. Such products are very much in demand, especially in organic poultry farming. The purpose of this review is to present approaches for the replacement of coccidiostat application in chickens through improvements in poultry house management, research in vaccine developments, and application of holistic natural products for the prevention of the economic losses resulting from coccidiosis.