Viable Glycerol Carbonate Synthesis Through Direct Crude Glycerol Utilization from Biodiesel Industry (original) (raw)
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The Synthesis of Glycerol Carbonate from Biodiesel by Product Glycerol and Urea Over Amberlyst 15
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
The growing utilization of biodiesel as a renewable fuel has generated a large surplus of glycerol as a major byproduct. The prices of glycerol continue to drop in such an oversaturated market. Therefore, new uses are being developed for glycerol to produce value-added chemicals. Among those chemicals, glycerol carbonate has many application in various fields. Glycerol carbonate is mostly used as a solvent in cosmetic and pharmacheutical industries due to its low toxicity, high boiling point, and low vapor pressure. The synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and urea using Amberlyst15 as a catalyst was being conducted in this study. The reaction was carried out using a batch reactor for 5 hours with the condition of the reaction temperature was around 120oC, mole ratios of reactant of urea:glycerol were 0.8:1, 0.9:1, 1:1, and 1.2:1 , catalyst concentrations were 2%, 2,5%, 3%, and 4%, and mixing speeds were 370 rpm, 525 rpm, and 700 rpm. It is found that the optimum conversion...
Energies
As a promising alternative renewable liquid fuel, biodiesel production has increased and eventually led to an increase in the production of its by-product, crude glycerol. The vast generation of glycerol has surpassed the market demand. Hence, the crude glycerol produced should be utilized effectively to increase the viability of biodiesel production. One of them is through crude glycerol upgrading, which is not economical. A good deal of attention has been dedicated to research for alternative material and chemicals derived from sustainable biomass resources. It will be more valuable if the crude glycerol is converted into glycerol derivatives, and so, increase the economic possibility of the biodiesel production. Studies showed that glycerol carbonate plays an important role, as a building block, in synthesizing the glycerol oligomers at milder conditions under microwave irradiation. This review presents a brief outline of the physio-chemical, thermodynamic, toxicological, product...
Recent Advances in Conversion of Glycerol: A Byproduct of Biodiesel Production to Glycerol Carbonate
Journal of Chemistry
Owing to erupted ecological concerns and escalated energy consumption, biodiesel produced by transesterifying nonedible and used cooking oils has been acknowledged as a viable source of clean and sustainable energy, alternative to fossil fuels. This transesterification process led to an excessive supply of glycerol as the primary byproduct which can then be transformed into value-added derivatives, primarily glycerol carbonate (GC), thereby drawing attention to its potential use in industrial applications. Although several methods for synthesis of GC utilize glycerol as building block, the transesterification approach using dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is the most effective route implementing safer and greener reaction conditions. This review is focused on different types of heterogeneous catalysts and characterization techniques used for identifying and deactivating those catalysts, covering the literature from the last decade to till date on this topic. Potent applications of GC as a ...
Energy Conversion and Management, 2014
Driven by high energy demand and environmental concerns, biodiesel as a substitute for fossil fuels is recognized to be promising renewable and clean energy. The increase in the biodiesel plant dramatically leads to the oversupply of its by-product glycerol in the biodiesel industries. Developing new industrial uses for glycerol is essential to increase the net energy and sustainability of biodiesel. Moreover, glycerol has great potential to be converted into marketable and valuable chemicals. The conversion of glycerol to glycerol carbonate (GC) has been extensively studied and transesterification of glycerol to GC has been proven to be the most promising route. Aimed to reveal the underlying mechanism of this successful conversion path, this paper reviews the chemo-and biocatalytic transesterification of glycerol with different carbonates sources. Also, a detail elucidation of the influence of the catalysts and operating conditions on the GC yield is included to provide an insight into the process. In addition, the future direction of glycerol carbonate production via catalytic transesterification is provided in this review.
We propose an alternative of a biocatalytic conversion of glycerol (bio-glycerol) to glycerol carbonate (GlyC) as a value-added product with numerous applications in cosmetics, pharmaceutics, detergents and adhesives industry. The biocatalytic process involved glycerol carbonylation with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) assisted by a lipase biocatalyst. The corresponding system was set up for solvent-free conditions using an excess of DMC using different designs of the biocatalyst (e.g. free enzyme dispersed in the reaction mixture and immobilized enzyme). The system performance was evaluated separately considering each biocatalyst. The performances of the developed biocatalytic system were investigated for bio-glycerol collected directly from the biodiesel product taking under consideration different feedstock patterns (e.g. soybean, sunflower, rape, corn, olive, palm, and residual oil) and the effects of the corresponding matrices on the bio-synthesis of GlyC.
Organic Process Research & Development, 2012
Glycerol carbonate is one the glycerol derivatives which attracts attention for industrial applications. This review compares strategies for its synthesis, and their analyses lead to the conclusion that (indirect) procedures starting from glyceroland/or CO 2 -derivatives are the most attractive. These are described and compared, taking criteria of industrial feasibility into account. As a result, the transesterification of dimethyl carbonate or ethylene carbonate with glycerol using uncalcined CaO as catalyst appears to be currently the most suitable industrial process. Finally, potential applications of glycerol carbonate as a multifunctional compound are exemplified.
Synthesis of glycerol carbonate from biodiesel by-product glycerol over calcined dolomite
Glycerol, which threatens the viability of biodiesel industries, can be converted to valuable chemicals and chemical intermediates, such as glycerol carbonate (GC). GC was synthesized by glycerol transesterifica-tion with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) on CaO–MgO mixed oxide catalyst prepared from natural dolomite. At calcination temperature of 800 °C, natural dolomite was converted to CaO–MgO mixed oxide to serve as catalyst in the conversion of glycerol to GC. Temperature changes and calcined dolomite surface and textural characteristics caused the glycerol transesterification with DMC to GC. The catalyst with 15 < H_ < 18.4 basic strength yielded a maximum of 97% glycerol conversion and 94% yield of GC at 75 °C, 3 DMC/glycerol ratio, and 6 wt% catalyst dose. Calcined dolomite showed potential for a consecutive cycle of catalytic activity during glycerol transesterification with negligible yield of by-product glycidol.
Bioengineering
With regards to oil-based diesel fuel, the adoption of bio-derived diesel fuel was estimated to reduce CO2 emissions by approximately 75%, considering the whole life cycle. In this paper, we present a novel continuous-flow process able to transfer an equimolar amount of CO2 (through urea) to glycerol, producing glycerol carbonate. This represents a convenient tool, able to both improve the efficiency of the biodiesel production through the conversion of waste streams into added-value chemicals and to beneficially contribute to the whole carbon cycle. By means of a Design of Experiments approach, the influence of key operating variables on the product yield was studied and statistically modeled.