The Synthesis of Glycerol Carbonate from Biodiesel by Product Glycerol and Urea Over Amberlyst 15 (original) (raw)
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Kinetics Modeling of Glycerol Carbonate Synthesis from Glycerol and Urea over Amberlyst-15 Catalyst
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 2019
Synthesize of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and urea is an attractive path as glycerol carbonate has a large potential as a green solvent. The aim of the present study was to develop a kinetic model of glycerol carbonate synthesis with amberlyst-15 resins as a catalyst. The investigation was carried out at various temperatures from 353 to 383 K and catalyst loading from 0.25 to 1 wt.% of glycerol. The experimental results indicated that both temperature and catalyst loading have an important effect on the glycerol conversion. According to the experimental result, the highest glycerol conversion was found 36.90% which was obtained using a molar ratio of urea to glycerol 1:3, catalyst loading of 1 wt.%, stirrer speed of 700 rpm, the temperature of 383 K and reaction time of 5 h. A kinetic model was developed based on elementary steps that take place over the catalyst. The model estimated that the pre-exponential factor was 2.89.104 mol.g–1.min–1 and the activation energy was 50.5 k...
Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2016
Synthesis of organic carbonates specifically glycerol carbonate has become a major concern among researchers due to its interesting chemical properties. In this study, we report the direct utilization of two different sources of crude glycerol in glycerolysis reaction with urea for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate using potassium silicate containing boiler ash as a catalyst. The level of interference of moisture and methanol content in crude glycerol was studied by mimicking conditions in pure glycerol and it was found that moisture at 10 wt% significantly effects the conversion of glycerol while methanol at 5 wt% affects the selectivity towards glycerol carbonate. However, due to the low moisture and methanol content in crude glycerol, comparable yield % of glycerol carbonate with commercial pure glycerol as starting feedstock was noted. Besides, the study also found that the potassium methylate and sodium methylate used as catalysts for the commercial production of biodiesel can be also used as an effective catalyst for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate. The current approach is a near approach for a greener environment which proposes use of both catalyst and glycerol derived from waste sources.
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 2021
Amberlyst-15, a strong acidic ion-exchange resin, has showed as a potential and an effective catalyst for the glycerolysis process of urea to glycerol carbonate. In this work, the kinetic model of the urea glycerolysis over Amberlyst-15 catalyst was investigated. The kinetic model was developed by considering simultaneous steps of urea dissolution in glycerol, mass transfer of urea and glycerol from the bulk of the liquid into the outer part of the catalyst, diffusion of urea and glycerol into the inner part of the particle through the catalyst pores, and irreversible second order reaction of urea and glycerol on the active sites. The irreversibility of second order reaction of urea glycerolysis was validated and proven. The proposed kinetic model was simulated and validated with the experimental data. The kinetic studies show that mechanism proposed works well. Furthermore, the activation energy was found to be 145.58 kJ.mol−1 and the collision factor was in 8.00×1010 (m3)2.kg−1.mo...
Energy Conversion and Management, 2014
Driven by high energy demand and environmental concerns, biodiesel as a substitute for fossil fuels is recognized to be promising renewable and clean energy. The increase in the biodiesel plant dramatically leads to the oversupply of its by-product glycerol in the biodiesel industries. Developing new industrial uses for glycerol is essential to increase the net energy and sustainability of biodiesel. Moreover, glycerol has great potential to be converted into marketable and valuable chemicals. The conversion of glycerol to glycerol carbonate (GC) has been extensively studied and transesterification of glycerol to GC has been proven to be the most promising route. Aimed to reveal the underlying mechanism of this successful conversion path, this paper reviews the chemo-and biocatalytic transesterification of glycerol with different carbonates sources. Also, a detail elucidation of the influence of the catalysts and operating conditions on the GC yield is included to provide an insight into the process. In addition, the future direction of glycerol carbonate production via catalytic transesterification is provided in this review.
Recent Advances in Conversion of Glycerol: A Byproduct of Biodiesel Production to Glycerol Carbonate
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Owing to erupted ecological concerns and escalated energy consumption, biodiesel produced by transesterifying nonedible and used cooking oils has been acknowledged as a viable source of clean and sustainable energy, alternative to fossil fuels. This transesterification process led to an excessive supply of glycerol as the primary byproduct which can then be transformed into value-added derivatives, primarily glycerol carbonate (GC), thereby drawing attention to its potential use in industrial applications. Although several methods for synthesis of GC utilize glycerol as building block, the transesterification approach using dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is the most effective route implementing safer and greener reaction conditions. This review is focused on different types of heterogeneous catalysts and characterization techniques used for identifying and deactivating those catalysts, covering the literature from the last decade to till date on this topic. Potent applications of GC as a ...
Energies
As a promising alternative renewable liquid fuel, biodiesel production has increased and eventually led to an increase in the production of its by-product, crude glycerol. The vast generation of glycerol has surpassed the market demand. Hence, the crude glycerol produced should be utilized effectively to increase the viability of biodiesel production. One of them is through crude glycerol upgrading, which is not economical. A good deal of attention has been dedicated to research for alternative material and chemicals derived from sustainable biomass resources. It will be more valuable if the crude glycerol is converted into glycerol derivatives, and so, increase the economic possibility of the biodiesel production. Studies showed that glycerol carbonate plays an important role, as a building block, in synthesizing the glycerol oligomers at milder conditions under microwave irradiation. This review presents a brief outline of the physio-chemical, thermodynamic, toxicological, product...
We propose an alternative of a biocatalytic conversion of glycerol (bio-glycerol) to glycerol carbonate (GlyC) as a value-added product with numerous applications in cosmetics, pharmaceutics, detergents and adhesives industry. The biocatalytic process involved glycerol carbonylation with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) assisted by a lipase biocatalyst. The corresponding system was set up for solvent-free conditions using an excess of DMC using different designs of the biocatalyst (e.g. free enzyme dispersed in the reaction mixture and immobilized enzyme). The system performance was evaluated separately considering each biocatalyst. The performances of the developed biocatalytic system were investigated for bio-glycerol collected directly from the biodiesel product taking under consideration different feedstock patterns (e.g. soybean, sunflower, rape, corn, olive, palm, and residual oil) and the effects of the corresponding matrices on the bio-synthesis of GlyC.
Catalytic transesterification of glycerol: Optimization for production of glycerol carbonate
Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 2019
The purpose of this research was to study the effect of reaction temperature, reaction time and dimethyl carbonate:glycerol (DMC:Gly) molar ratio on the conversion of glycerol and yield of glycerol carbonate. The reaction was further optimized with central composite design (CCD), 15 runs of transesterification reaction were conducted. Meanwhile, the calcined calcium oxide catalyst was fixed at catalyst/glycerol molar ratio at 0.06 while the stirring rate was maintained at 1000 rpm for every runs. ANOVA results indicated that reaction temperature and reactants ratio (DMC:Gly) influenced the yield significantly. Synergy effect of reaction temperature with reaction time and reaction temperature with DMC:Gly molar ratio seem to have greater significance on the conversion instead of a single parameter. Under optimization studies, the maximum possible conversion and yield were 100% and 96.36% respectively which could be accomplished at 60.16 °C reaction temperature with 1.19 hour reaction...