The Extracellular Matrix (original) (raw)
2012, Principles of Medical Biochemistry
The exTracellular MaTrix chapter 14 The cells of soft tissues such as liver, brain, and epithelia are separated only by narrow clefts about 20nm wide. The mechanical properties of these tissues are determined by the cytoskeleton and by specialized cell-cell adhesions. Connective tissues, in contrast, consist mainly of extracellular matrix. The mechanical properties of these tissues are determined by the composition of the extracellular matrix. Several building materials contribute to the extracellular matrix (Fig. 14.1): * Bone from which the inorganic components (mainly calcium phosphates) have been removed by acid treatment. † Mainly in the dermis. The major structural proteins of the epidermis are the keratins (see Chapter 13). p0010 p0015 o0010 o0015 o0020 o0025 s0010 p0040 p0045 p0050 f0090 t0010 To protect the rights of the author(s) and publisher we inform you that this PDF is an uncorrected proof for internal business use only by the author(s), editor(s), reviewer(s), Elsevier and typesetter SPi. It is not allowed to publish this proof online or in print. This proof copy is the copyright property of the publisher and is confidential until formal publication. These proofs may contain colour figures. Those figures may print black and white in the final printed book if a colour print product has not been planned. The colour figures will appear in colour in all electronic versions of this book.
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The cells of soft tissues such as liver, brain, and epithelia are separated only by narrow clefts about 20 nm wide. The mechanical properties of these tissues are determined by the cytoskeleton and by specialized cell-cell adhesions.
Structure and biological activity of the extracellular matrix
Journal of Molecular Medicine, 1998
The extracellular matrix is formed by complex and intricate networks within which molecules are precisely organized. These molecular networks determine the specific histoarchitecture of tissues and provide cells with information and a scaffold. Most of the structural extracellular matrix molecules -collagens, noncollage-nous glycoproteins, and proteoglycans -are chimeric and share common domains. Studies of the interactions between extracellular matrix molecules and mapping of the interaction sites to defined structural modules have led to the concept that the function of the extracellular matrix relies largely in the polymers that they form. Furthermore, determination of the tertiary structure of protein motifs involved either in the assembly of the various molecules into polymers or in cell-extracellular matrix interactions has recently opened the field of structural biology of the extracellular matrix.
The Complex Interplay Between Extracellular Matrix and Cells in Tissues
Methods in Molecular Biology, 2019
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Extracellular matrix 4: the elastic fiber
FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 1993
The elastic properties of many tissues such as the lung, dermis, and large blood vessels are due to the presence of elastic fibers in the extracellular space. These fibers have been shown by biochemical and ultrastructural analysis to be composed of two distinct components, a more abundant amorphous component and a 10-12 nm microfibrillar component, which is located primarily around the periphery of the amorphous component. The protein elastin makes up the highly insoluble amorphous component and is responsible for the elastic properties. Elastin is found throughout the vertebrate kingdom and possesses an unusual chemical composition rich in glycine, proline, and hydrophobic amino acids, consonant with its characteristic physical properties. The 72-kDa biosynthetic precursor, tropoelastin, is secreted into the extracellular space where it becomes highly cross-linked into a rubber-like network through the activity of the copper-requiring enzyme lysyl oxidase. Analysis of the elastin ...
A guide to the composition and functions of the extracellular matrix
The FEBS Journal, 2021
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic 3-dimensional network of macromolecules that provides structural support for the cells and tissues. Accumulated knowledge clearly demonstrated over the last decade that ECM plays key regulatory roles since it orchestrates cell signaling, functions, properties and morphology. Extracellularly secreted as well as cell-bound factors are among the major members of the ECM family. Proteins/glycoproteins, such as collagens, elastin, laminins and tenascins, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronan, and their cell receptors such as CD44
Biophysical Chemistry, 2003
Cells remodel extracellular matrix during tissue development and wound healing. Similar processes occur when cells compress and stiffen collagen gels. An important task for cell biologists, biophysicists, and tissue engineers is to guide these remodeling processes to produce tissue constructs that mimic the structure and mechanical properties of natural tissues. This requires an understanding of the mechanisms by which this remodeling occurs. Quantitative measurements of the contractile force developed by cells and the extent of compression and stiffening of the matrix describe the results of the remodeling processes. Not only do forces exerted by cells influence the structure of the matrix but also external forces exerted on the matrix can modulate the structure and orientation of the cells. The mechanisms of these processes remain largely unknown, but recent studies of the regulation of myosin-dependent contractile force and of cell protrusion driven by actin polymerization provide clues about the regulation of cellular functions during remodeling. ᮊ
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