Die Staatsverwaltung des Protektorats Böhmen und Mähren (1939-1945). Ein Grundüberblick und die Entwicklungstendenzen (original) (raw)
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Die Arbeitsverwaltung im Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren (1939-1945)
Journal on European History of Law, vol. 10, Nr. 2, pp. 2-14 (ISSN 2042-6402), 2019
System of forced and directed labour was characteristic for protectorate labour law. In order for this system to work effectively, it was necessary to create some required effective managing and controlling mechanisms. Of major importance was a newly created system of employment offices and their subsidiaries which was directed by the Ministry of Social and Health Administration, later by the Ministry of Economy and Labour. Employment offices constituted one of the most important and key instruments in the process of performing directed and forced labour. During World War II, their tasks and authority gradually grew and at the end of the war they applied basically to all areas related to work performance. Although the employment offices belonged to the so-called autonomous (Czech) administration, their leading positions were taken by German officers which had a considerable influence on their actual activity. The Ministry of Social and Health Administration (later Ministry of Economy and Labour) represented an institution where legal regulations for the labour law area were made. Since 1942, mostly German officers were in charge of this area amongst whom can be named primarily Dr. Walter Bertsch and Dr. Wilhelm Dennler. German office workers transferred here from the Office of Reich Protector, thus they directly contributed to creating drafts of legislation.
Die Bedeutung des Protektorats Böhmen und Mähren für das Reich aus der Sicht des Tourismus
2017
The Importance of Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia for the Third Reich from the Point of the View of Tourism This issue has not yet reflected in Czechoslovak, Czech or even foreign (German) literature. The importance of the Protectorate in the area of tourism was ambivalent for the Third Reich. On one hand, there seemed to be a tendency to restrict “free” movement as such no matter whether the person was a citizen of the Protectorate or Reich including foreigners. On the other hand, we cannot ignore the efforts of the Reich and Protectorate to support the limited tourism within the Protectorate and Reich that was motivated by ideological, political or social healthcare reasons. The tendency of German offices to control the border checkpoints between the Reich and Protectorate and to control the Third Reich’s external borders had an overall negative effect.
Das Handelsrecht und seine Entwicklung im Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren (1939 – 1945)
Journal on European History of Law, 2021
This article focuses on the state interventions in the sphere of commercial law in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia during the years 1939-1945. Protectorate citizens (the Czechs) were mainly governed within the scope of commercial law by the Austrian Commercial Code of 1863, inherited from the Habsburg monarchy, which received only minor alterations. During the war, the Minister of Justice had wide powers to enforce restrictions or waive certain limitations when it came to commercial law, which was mainly justified by public order concerns and the environment of the war economy. The article takes note, among other issues, of the changes in corporation law, obligation law, patent law or securities law. During the existence of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, an entirely new system of regulation was also introduced for promissory notes and cheques.
Journal on European History of Law, 2023
The Controlled Economy, its Legal Basis and Criminal Protection in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia /1939 – 1945/ Immediately after the establishment of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, the government of the Protectorate began to enact legislation for the transition to a controlled economy, following the Reich model. Its nature varied, but at least two basic groups can be distinguished: legislation regulating the market and legislation regulating the rationing system. One of the main features controlled economy of the Protectorate was the freezing and control of prices, for which the Supreme Price Office was created. In practice, restrictions on the free sale of food, fuel and other commodities played a crucial role. At the same time, Czech-Moravian associations were created-they managed and controlled the production and distribution of food and other commodities, and some state functions were delegated to them. In course of the implementation of the controlled economy, essential management and control tasks were also delegated to the provincial and district authorities, which also prosecuted offences against maintenance economy and controlled economy. In the course of time, repression took hold, and the German special courts punished with all the vigour and severity they could, even in the case of Protectorate citizens, acts against economic regulations.
Lothar Zotz und die Archäologie im „Protektorat Böhmen-Mähren“
Archäologische Informationen , 2016
Ausgehend von der Biographie des deutschen Prähistorikers Lothar Zotz widmet sich dieser Beitrag der universitären und außeruniversitären archäologischen Forschung während der deutschen Besatzungszeit im „Protektorat Böhmen-Mähren“ 1939-1945. Zotz wurde 1939 zunächst im Rahmen einer Vertretungsprofessur an das Seminar für Urgeschichte der deutschen Universität in Prag berufen. Von dort aus manövrierte er sich durch die Zusammenarbeit mit verschiedenen politischen Akteuren und Institutionen, zu denen das „Ahnenerbe“, das Reichserziehungsministerium (REM) und die Reinhard-Heydrich-Stiftung gehören, rasch an die Spitze der damaligen archäologischen Forschungslandschaft. Im Auftrag des „Ahnenerbes“ arbeitete er mit viel Eigeninitiative daran, die tschechische Archäologie unter seine und damit unter deutsche Kontrolle zu bringen. Um seine eigene Karriere voranzutreiben und an den Altsteinzeitforschungen des „Ahnenerbes“ in Mähren beteiligt zu werden, war Zotz bereit, sich in den Dienst der Politik zu stellen. Anhand seiner Biographie wird exemplarisch gezeigt, wie Politik und Archäologie in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus in Böhmen-Mähren miteinander verflochten waren und wie der deutsche Einfluss auf die tschechische Forschung systematisch ausgebaut wurde. Title ‒ Lothar Zotz and the archaeology in the „Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia“ Abstract ‒ Based on the biography of the German prehistorian Lothar Zotz this paper deals with the archaeology related to university and other archaeological institutions during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia (the „Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia“) between 1939 and 1945. Zotz had been appointed at the German University in 1939 for taking over the prehistoric seminar within a temporary professorship. From here he managed to navigate himself on the top of the academic field by cooperating with different politic actors and institutions such as the „Ahnenerbe“, the Reichserziehungsministerium [Reich Ministry of Education] (REM) and the Reinhard-Heydrich-Foundation. On behalf of the „Ahnenerbe“ he worked with a high degree of self-initiative on bringing the Czech archeology under his, respectively under German control. To forward his own career and for taking part in the research of the „Ahnenerbe“ on paleolithic sites in Moravia he willingly dedicated himself to the national socialist policy. By the example of his biography it is shown, how policy and archaeology during the era of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia have been entangled and how the Germans expanded their influence on the Czech research systematically.
Staat, Verwaltung und Raum im langen 19. Jahrhundert, 2017
The purpose of this article is to analyze the relation between manorial administration, the emerging state, and space in the Austrian and Bohemian lands of the Habsburg monarchy between the end of the 18th century and the abolishment of the manorial system in 1848. The themes that will be discussed are the spaces of manorial administration, with a focus on the various manorial rights and their spatial relation to each other; the role of manors in the state-building process, which in the Habsburg Monarchy is closely linked with the reform period in the second half of the 18th century; and finally the relationship between state, manors, and subjects in the first half of the 19th century, with emphasis on administrative practice.
Die Anwendung des deutschen Strafrechts im Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren
"The application of German criminal law in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia Criminal law in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia is an area of law, where most procedures were performed. The existing criminal law on the territory of the Protectorate was very complicated and confusing. Das Strafrecht im Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren stellt ein Rechtsgebiet dar, in dem die meisten Eingriffe durchgeführt wurden. Das auf dem Gebiet des Protektorats geltende Strafrecht war sehr kompliziert und unübersichtlich. Dies bestand in mehreren Gründen. Erster Grund lag darin, dass die strafrechtlichen Normen nicht in einer Rechtsvorschrift kodifiziert wurden, wie es heute der Fall ist; in der Zeit der deutschen Besatzung der böhmischen Länder gab es Dutzende und vielleicht auch Hunderte von sog. Nebenstrafgesetzen, welche Strafsanktionen auferlegten. Die Zahl der Strafgesetze stieg ständig an. Die Anwendung der rezipierten tschechoslowakischen Strafrechtsnormen wurde schrittweise zu Gunsten der Vorschriften des Reichsstrafrechts beschränkt. Die Delikte der Protektoratsbevölkerung wurden immer öfter vor den deutschen Gerichten im Protektorat verhandelt."