Formulation of Orally Disintegrating Tablets of Captopril as Superdisintegrant using Corncob (Zea mays L.) (original) (raw)
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Microcrystalline Cellulose as Pharmaceutical Excipient
Pharmaceutical Formulation Design - Recent Practices [Working Title]
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a pure partially depolymerized cellulose synthesized from α-cellulose precursor (type Iβ), obtained as a pulp from fibrous plant material, with mineral acids using hydrochloric acid to reduce the degree of polymerization. The MCC can be synthesized by different processes such as reactive extrusion, enzyme mediated, steam explosion, and acid hydrolysis. It is commonly manufactured by spray-drying the neutralized aqueous slurry of hydrolyzed cellulose. The MCC is a valuable additive in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and other industries. MMC obtained from different sources will differ considerably in chemical composition, structural organization, and physicochemical properties (crystallinity, moisture content, surface area and porous structure, molecular weight, etc.). The high demand of microcrystalline cellulose used in pharmaceutical industries has led to the utilization of locally and naturally occurring materials in the production of microcrystalline cellulose. Many studies on the physicochemical properties of locally produced MCC derived from natural sources have been extensively evaluated in the development of a new natural source for MCC as a substitution of wood, the most abundant one.
International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 2012
Background: Suitable α-cellulose and microcrystalline cellulose powders for use in the pharmaceutical industry can be derived from agricultural wastes. Aims: The pharmacopoeial and physicochemical properties of cornstalk α-cellulose (CCC) and cornstalk microcrystalline cellulose powders (MCCC) were compared to a commercial brand of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH101) to evaluate their usefulness as pharmaceutical excipients. Settings and Design: Physicochemical properties of an excipient play a very crucial role in the functions of the excipient; hence, these properties were evaluated and compared with a commercial brand. Materials and Methods: α-cellulose was extracted from cornstalks. Modification of this α-cellulose powder was carried out by its partial hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid (HCl) to obtain a microcrystalline cellulose powder. Their pharmacopoeial, physicochemical and microbiological properties were evaluated using standard methods. Statistical Analysis: OriginPro 8 SR2 v. 0891 (B891) software (OriginLab Corporation USA) was used for statistical evaluation. One-way analysis of variance was used to differentiate between samples and decide where significant differences were established. Results: The yield of α-cellulose from the cornstalks was 32.5%w/w and that of microcrystalline cellulose 26%w/w. All the cellulose samples met all the pharmacopoeial parameters that were carried out. The comparison of physicochemical properties of the CCC, MCCC and Avicel PH101 suggests that the microcrystalline celluloses might have better flow and compression properties than the CCC sample. The three cellulose powders were of high microbial excipient quality. For almost all parameters evaluated, it was generally observed that the MCCC has similar characteristics to Avicel PH101. Conclusions: MCCC can be a suitable alternative to the expensive Avicel PH101as pharmaceutical excipients.
2011
As part of continuing efforts to develop low-cost pharmaceutical grade cellulose, α-cellulose (MC) was extracted from an agricultural waste (de-grained maize cob) and characterized as a tablet diluent using a commercial brand of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and a mixture of lactose and starch (LS) as reference standards. The α-cellulose met the pharmacopoeial specifications (for Powdered Cellulose B.P.), including pH-6.5 ± 0.5; loss on drying-6.0%; residue on ignition-0.03%; and water-soluble substances-0.9%. Presence of organic impurities and starch was not found. MC compared well with MCC and LS in terms of bulk density (0.36g/cm 3) and true density (1.59g/cm 3). MC, MCC and LS were individually evaluated as tablet diluents for some commonly used drugs, namely, folic acid, chloroquine and vitamin B complex. The tablets were prepared by pre-compression. Based on the tablet parameters examined, (including tensile strength, disintegration time and dissolution data), MC-based tabl...
Microcrystalline cellulose as a versatile excipient in drug research
Journal of Young Pharmacists, 2009
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) has emerged as the most resourceful excipient of all times in drug research. Thanks to its profusion in terms of grades available for different needs and its physical properties that support a variety of functionality requirements especially for the most frequently used unit dosage forms. MCC can be used as a bulking agent, disintegrant, binder, lubricant, and glidant besides being a stability enhancer and a secondary suspending agent. It can be used in direct compression of most drugs and saves material, capital, equipment, and labor. Its ever increasing applications in drug research include its utility in immediate release (tablets and liquids) dosage forms, sustained release dosage forms (multiparticulates and matrix tablets), topical preparations, oral liquids, organoleptic enhancements as in chewable and mouth dissolving tablets, anti-reß ux, and nutraceuticals. The review discusses these applications in sufÞ cient detail citing examples and investigating the justiÞ cations for such functions.
Nanomaterials
Excipients represent the complement of the active principle in any pharmaceutical form. Their function is to provide stability, protection, and to ensure absorption of the drug and acceptability in patients. Cellulose is a conventional excipient in many pharmaceutical solid dosage products. Most of the sources used to extract microcrystalline cellulose come from cotton or wood, which are expensive and in high demand from other industries. As plants are considered the main source of excipient production, we have taken advantage of the biodiversity of Ecuador to evaluate microcrystalline cellulose extracted from borojó (Alibertia patinoi), a native plant, as an excipient for solid dosage formulations. The method of choice for tablet manufacturing was direct compression since it is a conventional fabrication method in the pharmaceutical industry. First, we performed scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) in order ...
Evaluation of cellulose obtained from maize husk as compressed tablet excipient
Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2013, 5 (5):12-17 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ABSTRACT Cellulose derived from Zea mays husk has been investigated as a disintegrant in a metformin tablet formulation in comparison with microcrystalline cellulose and cornstarch BP. The cellulose, extracted from Zea mays husk by a two stage sodium hydroxide treatment process followed by bleaching with sodium hypochlorite was incorporated extragranularly in metformin tablet formulation. The mechanical properties of the tablets were assessed using crushing strength and friability tests, while the drug release properties of the tablet were evaluated using disintegration and dissolution times as assessment parameters. Maize husk cellulose has fairly good flow, absorbs at least two times its weight of water and has comparable hydration capacity to microcrystalline cellulose and cornstarch. Tablets containing higher concentrations (5.0 %w/w and above) of maize husk cellulose generally conformed to...
Microcrystalline cellulose and its microstructure in pharmaceutical processing
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 1999
Mercury porosimetry and nitrogen adsorption methods were used in pore structure and pore surface area characterisation of microcrystalline cellulose powder, granules and tablets. The effect of compression on pore structure and surface area of tablets compressed with three different compression pressures of powder and granules was determined. Densi®cation of MCC in wet granulation led to decreased compactibility in tableting. Effects of granulation on the microstructure of microcrystalline cellulose and plastic deformation of powder during compression were detected with nitrogen adsorption, at the diameter range 3±200 nm. Structure of granules was destroyed during tableting when compression pressures of 196 MPa were used. Fragmentation and deformation of granules were observed from the results determined using both methods. Due to different measurement ranges, different theoretical basis of the methods and behaviour of the samples during analysis, results obtained with mercury porosimetry and nitrogen adsorption methods are not strictly comparable. Results obtained with mercury porosimetry give information on the behaviour of powder and granule particles in granulation or compression, whereas nitrogen adsorption brings out the changes in intraparticular structure of particles. The results obtained using these methods together can be used in the characterisation of behaviour of materials in granulation and tableting. q
Microcrystalline Cellulose: The Inexhaustible Treasure for Pharmaceutical Industry
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is pure partially depolymerized cellulose synthesized from α-cellulose precursor. The MCC can be synthesized by different processes such as reactive extrusion, enzyme mediated, steam explosion and acid hydrolysis. The later process can be done using mineral acids such as H 2 SO 4 , HCl and HBr as well as ionic liquids. The role of these reagents is to destroy the amorphous regions remaining the crystalline domains. The MCC is a valuable additive in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and other industries. The MCC is one of the most important tableting excipients due to its outstanding dry binding properties of tablets for direct compression. Different properties of MCC are measured to qualify its suitability for such utilization, namely particle size, density, compressibility index, angle of repose, powder porosity, hydration swelling capacity, moisture sorption capacity, moisture content, crystallinity index, crystallite size and mechanical properties such as hardness and tensile strength. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) or differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are also important to predict the thermal behavior of the MCC upon heat stresses. The degree of polymerization (DP) of the MCC is typically less than 400, while that for nanocrystalline cellulose is more than 400 extending to several thousands of (1→4)-β-d-glucopyranose units. The MCC particles with size lower than 5µm must not be more than 10% of the total particles. There are several types of the MCC, namely PHs 101, 102, 103, 105, 112, 113, 200, 301 and 302 based on the particle size and subsequent utilization.
IJPSM, 2021
The aim of the study was to produce microcrystalline cellulose from Saccharumofficinarum and to evaluate its use as a disintegrant in metronidazole tablet formulation. Cellulose was produced and characterized. This was followed by a comparative characterization of the tablets formulated by using Saccharumofficinarummicrocrystalline cellulose (SO-MCC), maize starch and crosscarmellose sodium (Ac-di-sol®) as disintegrants. The granules were evaluated for flow properties and the tablet evaluated for hardness, friability, disintegration and dissolution properties. For disintegration studies, the disintegrants disintegrated within 10 minutes in this order: Ac-di-sol® >SO-MCC>Maize starch. All the tablets exhibited high release profile which conformed to British Pharmacopoeia standards. Hence, SO-MCC can be used as an alternative disintegrant in terms of cost and availability.