Comparative Effects of the Acute Toxicity of Clove (Eugenia Aromatica) Powder to Clarias Gariepinus and Heterobranchus (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Innovative Studies in Aquatic Biology and Fisheries , 2018
Abstract: The study was carried out to determine the effects of acute toxicity of clove powder to African catfish species commonly reared in Nigeria. Two fifty fingerlings each of C. gariepinus (mean weight 3.26± 2.30g and length 8.34 ±1.82cm), and H. bidorsadis (mean weight 2.96± 1.80g and length 6.55 ±2.84cm) were exposed to various concentrations (0, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100 and 120) for 96hours. The sequential behavioral responses (Opercular and tail beat frequencies) and cumulative mortality were recorded at the various intervals of 12, 24, 48, 76 and 96hours. Data obtained were subjected to a two way analysis of variance(ANOVA) and mean separation using Duncan multiple range test DMRT with statistical package for social science (SPSS). The responses of the OBF and TBF were similar in the both species, they were decreasing with increase in concentration and time. The mean values were slightly higher in C. gariepinus than H. bidorsalis. Mortality increased with increase in concentration and time for the both species. The 96hrLC50 for C. gariepinus (54.33mg/l) was slightly higher than that of H. bidorsalis (52.97mg/l). The MLT50 values of the decreased with increased in concentration and slightly higher in C. gariepinus than H. bidorsalis. The higher LC50 values of clove powder is an indication that it is less toxic to clariids, hence can be used to completely immobilized (anaesthetized) the fish in concentrations lower than 60mg/l without causing mortality
This study investigated the anaesthetic effects of clove (Eugenia caryophylatta) powder on immobilization and survival in different life stages of Clarias gariepinus. Four hundred and fifty (450) fish comprising of 150 each of mean weight: fingerlings (6.54 ± 3.25g), juveniles (15.06 ± 2.50g) and adults (32.10 ± 4.30g) were used for the study. The fish were exposed to 100, 120, 140, 160 and 180mg/l of the anaesthetic prepared from a stock solution of 200mg/l of the clove powder. Ten (10) fish each were use per tank in triplicate for each life stage. The time to attain various stages of anaesthesia and recovery was noted and recorded. Mortality for each life stage was also recorded. Some water quality parameters were monitored and recorded. The powder was observed to cause anaesthesia which was dependent on the concentration and sizes of the exposed fish. The time to attain deep anaesthesia (stage A3) decreased with increasing concentration in all the life stages but longer in adults than juveniles and fingerlings. The shorter the time to achieve stage A3 the longer the time to be fully recovered. The relationship of the time taken to achieve deep anaesthesia and regained full recovery is significantly (P<0.05) dependent on the concentration of clove, with total recovery time inversely proportional to the total time to attained deep anaesthesia. The survival rates of 86.67 and 96.67% were recorded for fingerlings and juveniles respectively in higher concentrations of the anaesthetic while in the adults was 100%. The study revealed that clove bud can effectively be ultilized as anaesthetics agent in C. gariepinus at optimal dose of 160mg/l.
2018
The anesthetic effects of clove (Eugenia aromaticum) seed extract on Clarias gariepinus fingerlings were investigated under semi-arid conditions. Various concentrations of the clove seed extract at 25.0, 50.0, 75.0, 100.0, 125.0 and 150.0mg per liter of water were used for the experiment. Each concentration was tested on a group of 10 Clarias gariepinus fingerlings (24.13ԟ25.30g in weight and 5.97ԟ7.00 cm in length) in glass aquariums. There was a decrease in induction time as the concentration of the clove seed extract increased. Fingerlings treated with 150mg/l of the extract produced the shortest induction time (2.28±0.15 minutes), followed by fish treated with 100 and 125mg/l (3.31±0.55 and 3.07±0.07 minutes, respectively). The longest induction time (10.60±0.98, 7.52±0.25 and 5.96±1.17 minutes) was observed in fingerlings sedated with 50, 25 and 75mg/l respectively. Recovery was significantly faster (2–3.92 minutes) in fish treatedwith lower dosages (25 to 125mg/l) of the clove...
This research aims to study the acute and sub-chronic effects of the plant extracts on fin-gerlings and juveniles of Clarias gariepinus as they are used as potential drugs against the parasites. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the extracts of seven plants; Piper guineense, Aframomum melegueta, Moringa oleifera, Gongronema latifolium, Azadirachta indica, Garcinia kola and Xylopia aethiopica and their potencies against C. gariepinus, helminth parasites and microorganisms were investigated. The study revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phlobatan-nins, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones and terpenoids. A 96 h acute toxicity of the extracts on fish juveniles was determined. Parasites were recovered from 60 samples of C. gariepinus obtained from Lekki lagoon. The low observed effect concentration of the extracts was also tested against the parasites , Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using standard methods. Average Survival Time (AST) for the parasites was estimated. Relative Toxicity Factors (RTFs) of the extracts at Low Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) – 96 h LC 5 mg/l occurred in this trend; X. aethiopica (RTF, 1.0) < G. latifolium (RTF, 2.0) < A. indica (RTF, 2.0) < G. kola (RTF, 2.0) < M. oleifera (RTF, 2.0) < P. guineense (RTF, 5.0) < A. melegueta (RTF, 8.0). Parasites recovered from C. gariepinus include cestode (Wenyonia minuta), and nematode (Procamallanus longus). It was observed that only A. melegueta and A. indica slightly inhibited the growth of S. flex-neri and P. aeruginosa. The potency of the extracts and Average Survival Time (AST) of intestinal parasites occurred in this trend; X. aethiopica < G. latifolium < A. indica < G. kola < M. olei-fera < P. guineense < A. melegueta. A 95 h LC 2.5 of A. melegueta (32 mg/l) being the most toxic extract was used to carry out histopathology on the fish gills. The gills exposed showed some pathological effects. This study confirms that the extracts of the seven plants exert anthelminthic property, but choice of extract and its toxicological risk on the fish host is highly essential.
Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade
The anesthetic effects of clove (Eugenia aromaticum) seed extract on Clarias gariepinus fingerlings were investigated under semi-arid conditions. Various concentrations of the clove seed extract at 25.0, 50.0, 75.0, 100.0, 125.0 and 150.0mg per liter of water were used for the experiment. Each concentration was tested on a group of 10 Clarias gariepinus fingerlings (24.13-25.30g in weight and 5.97-7.00 cm in length) in glass aquariums. There was a decrease in induction time as the concentration of the clove seed extract increased. Fingerlings treated with 150mg/l of the extract produced the shortest induction time (2.28?0.15 minutes), followed by fish treated with 100 and 125mg/l (3.31?0.55 and 3.07?0.07 minutes, respectively). The longest induction time (10.60?0.98, 7.52?0.25 and 5.96?1.17 minutes) was observed in fingerlings sedated with 50, 25 and 75mg/l, respectively. Recovery was significantly faster (2-3.92 minutes) in fish treated with lower dosages (25 to 125mg/l) of the clo...
2017
This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of Siam Weed (chloromelena odorata) on the heamatology of Clarias gariepinus juvenile. A total of one hundred and fifty (150) juvenile of Clarias gariepinus were randomly assigned to different concentrations of C. odorata leave aqueous extract in a completely randomize design (CRD). The concentrations were 50 mg/l, 100 mg/l, 150 mg/l, 200 mg/l. Distilled water (0.00 mg/l) was used as the control. The fish exhibited stressful behavior which was higher as the concentration of Chromolaena odorata leave extract increased. There was a gradual decrease with time until a state of calmness, which was subsequently followed by death. The effect on 96hr exposed period was recorded and blood samples collected at 24hr and 96hr interval. Result on hematological parameters revealed significant difference…
Toxicological Assessment of Chromoleana odorata on Clarias gariepinus Juveniles
Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 2018
A study was carried out to investigate the toxicity effects of exposure of aqueous extract of Chromolaena odorata leave on gill/liver (histological) of juveniles catfish Clarias gariepinus. The leaves were harvested fresh, air dried for 7 days under ambient room temperature. 200 healthy juveniles catfish Clarias gariepinus specimen with average initial weight of 12.40 ± 2.46 cm (mean total length) and 8.26 ± 1.25 g (mean body weight) were exposed to aqueous extract of Chromolaena odorata leave at the concentration of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mg/l respectively. The physical reactions observed in the fish were: erratic swimming, gasping for air, loss of reflex, hyperactivities and skin discolorations which were more pronounced at high concentration and exposure time. The pH and dissolved oxygen significantly (P < 0.05) decreased as the concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract increased. However, the values of Ammonia in the exposed media significantly (P < 0.05) increased as the concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract increased, compared to the control test medium. A high mortality rate was recorded, the histological conditions on gill and liver includes the deformation of gill tissue with overlapping of secondary lamella and disintegration of epithelial tissue leading to diffuse mass of the gill lamella due to rapid cell lysis, gill clogging and gill structure disruption. Deformed primary and secondary lamella with disintegrated gill filament, increasing vasculation, total fusion of gill filament lamella and filament length variation. Damage became severe with increasing concentration in C. odorata leaves to fish and exposure, while liver of Clarias gariepinus shows liver hepatocellular alteration and increase in hepatocyte disintegration, rupture blood cells in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur nature with severe breakage due to rupture.
The intensive nature of aquaculture has subjected fish to a number of stressors in the culture medium, anesthetics are widely used to minimize the issue of stress during farming operations and activities. Clove oil is a well known, established and acceptable anesthetics commonly used in aquaculture, this anesthetics is not readily available in developing countries, thus leaving the fish farmers with option of using the locally available plant extracts as anesthetic agent in fish culture. This study therefore assessed the efficacy of aqueous extracts of clove seed and its effect on hematological parameters of the fish.
The Toxicity of Ethanolic Extract of Alchornea cordifolia Leaf on Clarias gariepinus Fingerlings
Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology
Acute toxicity effects of ethanol extract of Alchornea cordifolia leaf on Clarias gariepinus fingerlings was investigated over a 96hr exposure period as a potential organic piscicide. A static toxicity bioassay was performed after preliminary trial tests (range-finding test) were conducted. Five hundred (500) post-fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus were distributed randomly in duplicate concentrations. The test fishes were treated with concentrations of 1.31, 1.96, 2.97, 4.45 and 6.67 mg/1 of Alchornea cordifolia. Exposure to the plant toxicant caused visible behavioural changes which include erratic swimming, air gulping, discolouration, loss of body equilibrium, the settlement at the bottom and death. Mortality was recorded in some of the exposed fish while the LC50 lethal concentration of 2.138 mg/1 was established and safe concentration was established as 0.2138 mg/l. There were significant changes (p˃0.0.5) in the water quality parameters except for electrical conductivity, the ...
The study examined the acute toxicity of Sponge plant (Luffa cylindrica) fruit extract (a piscicide) on Clarias gariepinus juveniles under laboratory conditions using static non renewable bioassays over a period of 96 hrs. The fish (mean weight and length 14.72±3.63g and 13.12±1.01cm) were exposed to concentrations of 13500mg/L, 15000mg/L, 16500mg/L and 18000mg/L L. cylindrica extract. The physicochemical parameters of test media were relatively stable except the TDS and conductivity which increased with increase in concentration and exposure time. The LC 50 of the fruit extract was 14125.38m/L while the LT 50 was found to be 28.18hrs, 38.02hrs, 70.80hrs and 151.36hrs for 18000mg/L, 16500mg/L, 15000mg/L and 13500mg/L respectively. The ANOVA revealed significant variation between treatments and control for fish mortality (F=129.83 at P<0.05). The physiological changes analyzed revealed that TBF decreased while the OBF increased with increase in concentration and exposure time. The fish exposed to the extract displayed some behavioural changes like prolonged vertical movement, rapid movement and jumping, changes in skin colour with heavy secretion of mucus. Pathological changes were observed on the gills (loss of lamellae, necrosis, and serious lamellae distortion) and liver (alterations in the tissues with steatosis, vacuolations and necrosis) of the test organism. The result of this study shows that the extract of L. cylindrica fruit is toxic to fish which implies that stringent measures should be taken to ensure the restraint of its usage by the local fishers to reduce the potential risk of poisonous fish consumption and pollution of aquatic ecosystem.