Seasonality of Dinophysis spp. and Prorocentrum lima in Black Sea phytoplankton and associated shellfish toxicity (original) (raw)
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Phytoplankton Toxins in the Central Adriatic Sea
Croatica Chemica Acta
The present work contributes to the current topics concerning the production of bioactive polyether toxins as secondary metabolites in dinoflagellates, and their involvement in shellfish poisoning and human intoxication. Toxin analysis in shellfish from the central Adriatic sea, where no previous studies exist, have been carried out. The investigation, using bio-assay and HPLC-directed analysis, led to the identification of the toxins responsible for diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP).
Harmful Algae, 2006
Dinophysis acuminata and D. norvegica were observed in plankton net samples during the summer of 2002 from the Kandalaksha Gulf in the White Sea (North European Russia). Prorocentrum lima was found as an epiphyte on subtidal macroalgae in August, but not observed in plankton net samples. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition measured 127.8 ng OA-equivalent/g of mussel (Mytilus edulis) hepatopancreas from samples collected a few days after when Dinophysis was recorded at a density of 1550 cells L À1 . Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmed presence of several classes of lipophilic shellfish toxins associated with Dinophysis spp. in the mussels including okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1, pectenotoxins and yessotoxins. No azaspiracid was detected. This represents the first identification of phycotoxicity in the White Sea. #
Co-occurrence of Dinophysis tripos and pectenotoxins in Argentinean shelf waters
Harmful Algae, 2015
The species Dinophysis tripos is a widely distributed marine dinoflagellate associated with diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) events, which has been recently identified as a pectenotoxin (PTX) producer. In two sampling expeditions carried out during austral autumns 2012 and 2013 along the Argentine Sea (%38-568 S), lipophilic phycotoxins were measured by tandem mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS) in size-fractionated plankton samples together with microscopic analyses of potentially toxic phytoplankton. PTX-2, PTX-11 and PTX-2sa were recurrently detected in the 50-200 mm fractions, in association to D. tripos. PTX-2 was also widely distributed among the 20-50 mm fractions, mostly related to Dinophysis acuminata. Okadaic acid or its analogs were not detected in any sample. This is the first report of D. tripos related to PTX in the Argentine Sea and the first record of PTX-11 and PTX-2sa for this area. The morphological variability of D. tripos, including the presence of intermediate, small and dimorphic cells, is described. Also, the micro-and mesoplanktonic potential grazers of Dinophysis spp. were explored.
Toxin composition of a Prorocentrum lima strain isolated from the Portuguese coast
Toxicon, 2009
Microalgae of the genus Dinophysis and Prorocentrum are known producers of okadaites, responsible for the human syndrome known as diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). In temperate regions, only species from the genus Dinophysis are commonly held responsible for shellfish contamination. This is probably related to the different ecological strategies of the two genera, namely the planktonic nature of Dinophysis versus the benthic/epiphytic nature of toxic Prorocentrum species. In recent years, the threat of global warming has drawn attention to the study of benthic toxic microalgae in southern European waters. Here we present results on the toxin production and toxin profile of a Prorocentrum lima strain isolated from the Portuguese coast. This strain, IO66-01, presented a mean growth rate of 0.49 divisions d À1 , not common in temperate strains, and only comparable with tropical strains. The parent toxins found were okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1). The major diol esters were D8-and D9-congeners of both OA and DTX1.
Toxins, 2018
Causative species of Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) and toxins in commercially exploited molluscan shellfish species are monitored weekly from four classified shellfish production areas in Perú (three in the north and one in the south). Okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxins (PTXs) were detected in hand-picked cells of Dinophysis (D. acuminata-complex and D. caudata) and in scallops (Argopecten purpuratus), the most important commercial bivalve species in Perú. LC-MS analyses revealed two different toxin profiles associated with species of the D. acuminata-complex: (a) one with OA (0.3–8.0 pg cell−1) and PTX2 (1.5–11.1 pg cell−1) and (b) another with only PTX2 which included populations with different toxin cell quota (9.3–9.6 pg cell−1 and 5.8–9.2 pg cell−1). Toxin results suggest the likely presence of two morphotypes of the D. acuminata-complex in the north, and only one of them in the south. Likewise, shellfish toxin analyses revealed the presence of PTX2 in all samples (10.3–34.8 µg kg...
Marine Biology, 1996
The diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) are potent phosphatase inhibitors produced by certain species of marine dinoflagellates. OA can cause hyperphosphorylation of a broad range of animal and higherplant proteins, but little is known regarding the effects of the DSP toxins on marine organisms or their biological function. A variety of microalgae, including a clone of Prorocentrum lima known to produce both OA and DTX-1, were incubated with solutions of OA and in one case DTX-1 or a combination of OA and DTX-1. OA inhibited the growth of all non-DSP-producing test species at micromolar concentrations, but P. lima was not affected even at much higher levels. This differential activity of OA suggests that the DSP toxins may play an allelopathic role and raises questions regarding the strategies adopted by DSPproducing dinoftagellates such as P. lima to avoid autotoxicity. The effects of DTX-1 on microalgal growth were found to be equivalent to those of OA, and the effects of both toxins in combination were simply additive.