COVID 2019: Guidelines on infection prevention and control for Health care professionals (original) (raw)
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Overview and Preventive Strategies of Coronavirus Among Healthcare Communities
International Journal of Current Research and Review
CoVs are positive-stranded RNA viruses giving a crown-like appearance under an electron microscope (corona is the Latin term for crown) due to the presence of spike glycoproteins on the envelope. Coronaviruses belong to the family Coronaviridae in the order Nidovirales 4,5. They can be classified into four genera such as Alpha coronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, and Deltacoronavirus. Alpha-and beta coronaviruses infect mammals, gammacoronaviruses infect avian species, and delta coronaviruses infect both mammalian and avian species. The representatives of these viruses are mentioned in the table-1 below, .
Coronaviruses: The Viruses That Have Moved from the Shadow to the Spotlight of Public Attention
Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences
Coping with, and trying to understand, emerging epidemics has been part of the human civilization since time immemorial. As Howard Phillips Lovecraft state: "The oldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear, and the oldest and strongest kind of fear is fear of the unknown." Coronaviruses (CoVs) were named based on the production of the club-shaped projections protruding on their envelope that give the virions a crown-like shape ("corona" in Latin means crown) (Fehr and Perlman, 2015). These viruses belonging to the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, and subfamily Coronavirinae, that was further subdivided into the four main groups, the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta (Gorbalenya et al., 2020). The alpha group represents human NL63 (HCoV-NL63), PRCV (Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus), and TGEV (Porcine Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus). Prototypic beta-group coronaviruses include SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus), MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus), novel SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2), BCoV (Bovine Coronavirus), and MHV (Mouse Hepatitis Coronavirus). Gamma and delta group tend to infect birds (IBV-Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus) (Fehr and Perlman, 2015; Ahmad and Rodriguez-Morales, 2019). A complete CoV particle possesses enveloped, non-segmented, 5'capped, and 3' polyadenylated extraordinarily large ssRNA+ genome (McBride et al., 2014).The length of coronavirus genomes, that are the largest among all RNA viruses, range from 27 to 32 kb and are characterized by several interesting features; presence of highly conserved genomic organization, expression of many non-structural genes by ribosomal frameshifting, presence of unusual enzymatic activities encoded within the large replicase-transcriptase polyprotein, and expression of downstream genes by synthesis of 3′ nested sub-genomic mRNAs (Modrow et al., 2013; Fehr and Perlman, 2015). ARTICLE INFO
An overview on corona virus a global pandemic outbreak
The current COVID-19 pandemic is not well known as it is unmatched with other outbreaks over the past several decades. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease caused by a newly identify coronavirus. COVID-19 disease most of the patients experience mild to moderate symptoms and recover without special treatment. As it is highly contagious disease prevention and slowdown of transmission of COVID-19 virus, is paramount. Practice respiratory etiquette can prevent COVID-19 virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes, washing hands or using an alcohol-based rub and avoid frequent touching of face. Presently there are no specific vaccines or treatments available for COVID-19. Many ongoing clinical trials evaluating potential treatments.
Corona Virus Disease (Covid – 19): A World Threatening Pandemic
2020
With the emergence of Corona virus Disease (COVID – 19) caused by the spread of 2019 novel Corona virus (2019-nCoV) the world is facing a new public health crisis. This virus is also known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is rapidly spreading from its origin in Wuhan City of Hubei Province of China in December 2019 to the rest of the world. It has affected over 200 countries in the world including India. Therefore, it is declared as a global public health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO). This virus was transmitted to humans from animals and initially causes mild symptoms like fever, cough and fatigue in most people. But in some cases the symptoms become severe leading to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi organ dysfunction. The diagnosis of this disease relies on a special molecular test. Since the research on novel Corona virus is on the preliminary stage no specific drug or vaccine has been developed...
Corona Virus; A Comprehensive Overview About Its Life Cycle and Pathogenecity Emailaddress
COVID-19, a rapidly spreading new strain of coronavirus, has affected more than 150 countries and received worldwide attention. The lack of efficacious drugs or vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 has further worsened the situation. Thus, there is an urgent need to boost up research for the development of effective therapeutics and affordable diagnostic against COVID-19. In this time of health crisis, it is the duty of scientific research community to provide alternative, effective and affordable strategies to vaccinate human bodies against viral infections-COVID-19 based on focused experimental approaches. Corona virus (CoV) is forward RNA virus on its surface, containing stick-shaped spikes. It is an undesirable broad genome of RNA, with an indefinite replication system. In mammals, birds, pigs and chickens, corona virus cause various infections. This triggers the pathogens of the upper respiratory tract, which can lead to death due to breathing illnesses. In this article the author briefly justify sudden occurrence of this highly pathogenic extreme lung disease and recently discovered in Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV). This is review article are awareness about the CoVID-19 infection and its out break throughout the world. In this article brief history about life cycle, pathogenecity and transmittance of corona virus given.
Novel Coronavirus (covid-19) a Ubiquitous Hazard to Human Health: A Review
Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health, 2020
Coronavirus (CoV) belongs to the genus beta coronavirus with its high mutation rate within the family Coronoviridae. The virus is extremely transmittable and its pathogenicity caused infection like SARS-CoV-2. An epidemic of this novel coronavirus was first documented in Wuhan, Hubei province of China in December 2019 and is thus called as COVID-19. A series of pneumonia reports were confirmed and now the cases are escalated throughout the world. Although transmission of this virus from animals to humans is rare, however this new strain most likely came from bats and pangolins. COVID-19 has infected more than 4.5 million people (4,543,060) as of May 15 th 2020, 09:50 GMT worldwide and rises continuously, caused the death of 303,707 so far. Till date no vaccine is available to combat this dreadful virus. Though, certain antiviral drugs have being assisted against COVID-19, which results some success. With the fast spread all over the world, fear and panic is gripping people around the globe. It leads to social stigma towards affected people and physiologically hurts by creating more fear. Need of the time is the collective efforts of all developed countries along with WHO to fight against this dreadful virus. The frontline clinicians, public health authorities and epidemiologists must need to come together to stop this infection and save the precious lives. Since the present virus is new to science, therefore in this review, an attempt has been made to establish some facts related to this novel coronavirus from the existing literature. Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) classification, there are seven strains of human corona viruses, which include 229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) and novel corona virus (Covid-19) consisting of thirty-eight unique species within the subfamily 10 accountable for the infection with special relation to the involvement of the respiratory tract like communicable disease, pneumonia, bronchitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis and lots of other symptoms like occasional watery and diarrhea 11,12. The quantity of species may still increase, as there are several unclassified CoVs 13. CoVs cause disease in a very sort of domestic and wild animals in addition as in humans, where 229E
Coronavirus: origins, signs, prevention and management of patients
British Journal of Nursing, 2020
he new coronavirus-officially known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-is a recently discovered coronavirus that causes the illness COVID-19 (World Health Organization (WHO), 2020a). Coronavirus is one of the major pathogens that primarily target the human respiratory system. Previous outbreaks of coronaviruses (CoVs) include the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, which have been previously characterised as agents that are a great public health threat. Origins In late December 2019, a cluster of patients were admitted to hospitals in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, with an initial diagnosis of pneumonia of an unknown aetiology. These patients were epidemiologically linked to a seafood and wet animal wholesale market in Wuhan (Bogoch et al, 2020; Lu et al, 2020). Early reports predicted the onset of a potential coronavirus outbreak (Rothan and Byrareddy, 2020). Current statistics At the time of writing, the UK currently has 19 522 confirmed cases (Table 1). The figures come from data published by Public Health England (PHE) (2020a), working with the Department for Health and Social Care and Health Protection Scotland. These data are kept under constant review. Reports suggest that there are currently 314 053 confirmed cases of COVID-19
Corona Virus; A Comprehensive Overview About Its Life Cycle and Pathogenecity
American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences, 2020
COVID-19, a rapidly spreading new strain of coronavirus, has affected more than 150 countries and received worldwide attention. The lack of efficacious drugs or vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 has further worsened the situation. Thus, there is an urgent need to boost up research for the development of effective therapeutics and affordable diagnostic against COVID-19. In this time of health crisis, it is the duty of scientific research community to provide alternative, effective and affordable strategies to vaccinate human bodies against viral infections-COVID-19 based on focused experimental approaches. Corona virus (CoV) is forward RNA virus on its surface, containing stick-shaped spikes. It is an undesirable broad genome of RNA, with an indefinite replication system. In mammals, birds, pigs and chickens, corona virus cause various infections. This triggers the pathogens of the upper respiratory tract, which can lead to death due to breathing illnesses. In this article the author briefly justify sudden occurrence of this highly pathogenic extreme lung disease and recently discovered in Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV). This is review article are awareness about the CoVID-19 infection and its out break throughout the world. In this article brief history about life cycle, pathogenecity and transmittance of corona virus given.
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 2020
Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a highly communicable and pathogenic viral infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that has developed in Wuhan, China and spread all over the world.Genomic analysis revealed that SARS-CoV-2 is phylogenetically associated with severe, acute respiratory syndrome-like (SARS-like) bat viruses, so bats could be the primary reservoir possible. The intermediate source of origin and human transfer is unknown, but the accelerated human to human transmission has been widely confirmed.Maximal precautionary steps and resources have also been put forwardby most nations to mitigate transmission and decrease mortality rates.