II. Ionic Liquids 3669 A. Overview 3669 (original) (raw)
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Chemical Transformations in Ionic Liquids
Ionic liquids have gained wide popularity in recent years for their increasing use in the important fields of chemistry such as synthesis and catalysis. Ionic liquids are novel solvents of interest as greener alternatives to conventional organic solvents aimed at facilitating sustainable chemistry. There is no doubt that this area of research has been a focal point of green chemistry for the last few decades. Earliest use of ionic liquid was as a propellant in warfare. Ethylammonium nitrate, [EtNH3][NO3] (melting point, 12 °C), the first ionic liquid was discovered in 1914. Though there are no hard and fast rules laid down, they are considered to be ionic salts substances having a melting point up to 1008 ºC. In this Literature survey, the synthesis of ionic liquid and how the ionic liquid is useful as a solvent in some organic reactions were studied.
Tetrahedron, 2007
Ionic liquids are becoming widely used in synthetic organic chemistry and yet relatively little attention has been paid to the intrinsic reactivity of these low temperature molten salts. Clues to the non-innocent nature of many ionic liquids are contained in the reports of altered reactivity of dissolved substrates, unexpected catalytic activity and unforeseen by-product formation. In this review, we focus on the reactivity of ionic liquids, as opposed to reactivity in ionic liquids (although discussion of the latter is often included where it aids understanding of the former).Ionic liquids are becoming widely used in synthetic organic chemistry and yet relatively little attention has been paid to the intrinsic reactivity of these low temperature molten salts. An increased number of reports allude to the non-innocent nature of many ionic liquids. Knowledge of unexpected catalytic activity of ionic liquids and unforeseen by-product formation are important considerations for synthetic chemists using ionic liquids. In addition, an increasing number of ionic liquids viz. task-specific ionic liquids are being designed to be reactive for carrying out a specific transformation. In this review, we focus on the reactivity of ionic liquids, as opposed to reactivity in ionic liquids (although discussion of the latter is often included where it aids understanding of the former).
Ionic liquids-Useful Reaction Green Solvents for the Future (A Review
— Ionic liquids, being composed entirely of ions, were once mainly of interest to electrochemists. Recently, however, it has become apparent that their lack of measurable vapor pressure characterizes them as green solvents, and that a wide range of chemical reactions can be performed in them. To date, most chemical reactions have been carried out in molecular solvents. For two millennia, most of our understanding of chemistry has been based upon the behavior of molecules in the solution phase in molecular solvents. However, at room temperature, thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions carried out in ionic liquids are different to those in conventional molecular solvents, then the chemistry is different and unpredictable at our current state of knowledge. However, in addition to the scope for exciting new discoveries with which they tease us, ionic liquids have no measurable vapor pressure, and hence can emit no volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Mohan 2007 Reactivity of Ionic Liquids
2018
Ionic liquids are becoming widely used in synthetic organic chemistry and yet rela tively little attention has been paid to the intrinsic reactivi ty of these low temperature molten sal ts. Clues to the non-innocent nature of many ionic liquids are contained in the reports of altered reactivi ty of dissolved substra tes, unexpected catalytic activi ty and unforeseen by-product forma tion . In this review, we focus on the reactivi ty afionic liquids, as opposed to reactivi ty in ionic liquids (although discussion of the latter is often included where it aids understanding of the former).
The Effect of Hydrogen Bonding on Allylic Alkylation and Isomerization Reactions in Ionic Liquids
Chemistry - A European Journal, 2003
Neutral allylic alkylation reactions, in which a base is generated in situ and which hence require no external bases, can significantly be retarded when carried out in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF 4 ]). Evidence suggests that the base or base precursor enters into hydrogen bonding with the imidazolium cation and is thus made less readily available for deprotonation of pre-nu-cleophiles. However, the reaction proceeds well in the presence of stronger bases that are capable of deprotonation. Whilst the phenomenon of hydrogen bonding in ionic liquids can be detrimental to reactions such as allylic alkylation, it can be exploited to suppress unwanted allylic isomerization.
Ionic Liquid (Molten Salt) Phase Organometallic Catalysis
Chemical Reviews, 2002
IX. Allylation Reactions 3685 X. Olefin Metathesis 3685 XI. Miscellaneous Reactions 3686 XII. Mechanistic Aspects of the Reactions in Ionic Liquids 3687 XII. Conclusions and Perspectives 3687 XIII. Acknowledgments 3688 XIV. References 3688
Towards solvent-controlled reactivity in ionic liquids
Pure Appl. Chem., 1979-1990, 85(10), 2013.
Ionic liquids are frequently touted as alternatives to traditional molecular solvents but are limited in their applicability as the outcome of reactions may be altered on moving from a molecular to an ionic solvent. This manuscript summarizes our progress towards a predictive framework through understanding how ionic solvents affect organic processes, with an emphasis on how these findings might be applied. Particularly, we will consider the importance of the mole fraction of the ionic liquid used, including some hitherto undisclosed results, as well as the importance of understanding the key interactions of the solvent with the components along the reaction coordinate.