Attitudes towards individuals with disabilities as measured by the Implicit Association Test: A literature review (original) (raw)

Measurement of attitudes towards persons with disabilities

Purpose : The purpose of this paper is to assist those engaged in research dealing with attitudestowards persons with disabilities by presenting a catalogue of various attitude measurement methods. Method : A review of the methodological and psychological literatures on the measurement of attitudes towards persons with disabilities. Results: The review uncovered 10 direct methods to measure attitudes, in which the respondents are aware that they are participating in an experiment and 14 indirect methods in four categories that are not plagued by attitude-distortingin¯ uences because the respondents are not aware that their attitudes are being measured. A discussion of each method with examples is provided, followed by implications for rehabilitation practitioners , rehabilitation education and training, and rehabilitation researchers. Conclusions : The investigation of attitudes towards persons with disabilities requires innovative experimental methods and psychometrically sound instrumentsthat are reliable, valid, and multidimensional. Without such instruments, it will not be possible to obtain conclusive answers to important research questions concerning the relationship between these attitudes and the acceptance and integration of persons with disabilities into society.

Attitudes toward individuals with disabilities: The effects of contact with different disability types

2015

Contact with individuals with disabilities influences positive attitudes toward such individuals. This research investigated if contact with individuals with specific disabilities has an effect on attitudes toward other disabilities. Specifically, this research investigated physical, developmental and behavioral disabilities. While participants reported the most contact with individuals with physical disabilities and the most negative attitudes toward individuals with developmental disabilities, contact with individuals with behavioral disabilities was the best predictor of positive attitudes toward all disability types. This demonstrates that the relation between contact and attitudes is more nuanced than originally thought and can help us better understand disability related bias.

Development and Validation of a New Scale to Assess Attitudes and Perspectives Toward Persons With Disabilities

Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine, 2021

Objective To develop and validate a scale to assess people’s attitudes and perspectives toward persons with disabilities.Methods The three-stage development of the scale included a preliminary version drafted from the literature review and a nominal group process. Thereafter, the draft was examined further and revised through two rounds of Delphi survey by 16 disability experts. Lastly, the psychometric properties of the scale were assessed through an online survey of 1,359 employees at three university hospitals.Results A 32-item scale, defined after two Delphi surveys, was refined into 14 items with four subcategories: community integration, discomfort, charitability, and sense of burdening. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.839 and domain reliability from 0.638 to 0.845. Recent education on disabilities yielded more positive attitudes toward persons with disabilities. Meaningful acquaintances with disabilities yielded more positive attitudes toward persons with disabilities....

Attitudes toward individuals with disabilities: The effects of age, gender, and relationship

2012

Attitudes toward individuals with disabilities are influenced by the amount of contact one has with such individuals. This research investigated if the relationship a person has with individuals with disabilities is associated with positive attitudes more so than mere contact with such individuals. Increased contact with friends with disabilities and activities with individuals with disabilities were associated with more positive altitudes. Contact with relatives and classmates with a disability was not associated with more positive attitudes. Age and gender were found to moderate these relationships. Contact with friends with disabilities increased positive attitudes for younger but not older participants. Contact with classmates with disabilities decreased positive attitudes for males but not females. This research can help us better understand disabilityrelated bias.

Attitudes Toward Disability: The Relationship Between Attitudes Toward Disability and Frequency of Interaction with People with Disabilities (PWD)

2017

Introduc)on The social and medical models of disability are sets of underlying assump?ons explaining people's beliefs about the causes and implica?ons of disability. • The medical model is the predominant model in the United States that is associated with the belief that disability is an undesirable status that needs to be cured (Darling & Heckert, 2010). This model focuses on the diagnosis, treatment and cura?ve efforts related to disability. • The social model is preferred by disability ac?vists and researchers which focuses on society’s involvement in disability, such as s?gma?za?on, discrimina?on and the interpersonal barriers that are features of one’s disability. The social model suggests that society disables individuals and is the cause of impairment (Olkin, 2003). Allport’s contact hypothesis states that increased contact with people with disabili?es (PWD) will reduce prejudice through rela?onship building and social connec?on (Allport, 1954). • Pe8grew’s Intergroup Con...

Classical and modern prejudice: Attitudes toward people with intellectual disabilities

Research in Developmental Disabilities, 2006

In two studies, Study 1 and Study 2, we examine whether attitudes toward people with intellectual disabilities, like sexism and racism, consist of two forms-a classical and a modern, where the classical is overt and blatant and the modern is more subtle and covert. Self-report scales tapping these two forms were developed in Study 1. Based on confirmatory factor analyses, the results in Study 1 supported our hypothesis and revealed that the modern and classical forms are correlated but distinguishable. This outcome was replicated in Study 2. Construct and discriminatory validations of the scales provided further support for the distinction. The theoretical and practical importance of the results is discussed in relation to previous research on attitudes toward people with intellectual disabilities and other social outgroups. #

Structure and Directiveness of Attitudes to Disability

2013

The study seeks to answer questions: whether the integration of the disabled changes public attitude to people with disabilities? And if so, what is the direction of public opinion change? Representations of disability, understanding of disabled people’s needs and personality traits are analysed using interview and content analysis methods. The study involved students whose future profession is not related to the disabled. The structure of attitude to the disabled is revealed based on the analysis of theoretical (clinical and social) models. Key words: disability, attitude, social representation, stereotypes, social model, clinical model

Personal and Societal Attitudes to Disability

Annals of Tourism Research, 2005

Abstract: The research addresses theoretical and conceptual frameworks dealing with the formation and change of attitudes, cognitive dissonance, positive and negative prejudice, the concept of ‘‘spread’’, overt and covert attitudes and their formation, and the nexus between attitudes and behavior toward disability. Two attitude scales—the interaction with disabled persons and the scale of attitudes toward disabled persons—are reviewed and results of two studies are presented. Major findings are that it is easier to change societal attitudes than personal attitudes. Additionally, the use of contact with a person with a disability was more efficacious in changing attitudes than only information provision. Implications for the practice of hospitality and tourism management service provision are discussed. Keywords: disability, service provision, attitudes. 

Explicit and implicit attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities: The role of contact and participant demographics

Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID, 2017

Intellectual disability research has concentrated on self-reported explicit attitudes with little focus on implicit attitudes. Such attitudes are evaluations which occur with or without conscious awareness, respectively. This investigation examined participants' (N = 234) attitudes towards individuals with intellectual disabilities with reference to participants' gender, age, level of education, frequency of contact and closeness. UK adults completed explicit (ATTID) and implicit attitude (ST-IAT) measures, and provided demographics via an online survey. Participant demographics predicted explicit attitudes-with differing cognitive, affective and behavioural associations. Contact frequency was most significant. Implicit attitudes were not predicted, evidencing implicit-explicit attitude differences. The results encourage more implicit-explicit attitude relationship research regarding disability. The associations between demographics, contact and implicit attitudes should be ...