Microbiome and cancer (original) (raw)
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The Role of the Microbiome in Cancer and the Development of Cancer Therapeutics
International journal of biopharmaceutical sciences, 2020
Cancer is caused by a compilation of hereditary and environmental factors. In the past decade, next-generation sequencing has revealed the extent to which the microbiome influences the maintenance of homeostasis and therefore the prevention of diseases such as cancer. Current research efforts explore the interaction between cancer and the microbiome, and the results are anticipated to transform how clinicians approach cancer treatment. There is a plausible transition from the use of human genetic biomarkers to microbiomic biomarkers for genomic diagnostics. Considering the expanding knowledge of the ways in which the microbiome can affect the development of cancer, clinicians treating cancer patients should be considerate of how the microbiome can influence the host-drug or microbiome-cancer interactions. Recognition of the importance of the microbiome within the field of oncology is pertinent to understanding and furthering cancer development and treatment.
Microbiota in cancer development and treatment
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, 2018
Purpose Human microbiota comprises of a variety of organisms ranging from bacterial species to viruses, fungi, and protozoa which are present on the epidermal and mucosal barriers of the body. It plays a key role in health and survival of the host by regulation of the systemic functions. Its apparent functions in modulation of the host immune system, inducing carcinogenesis and regulation of the response to the cancer therapy through a variety of mechanisms such as bacterial dysbiosis, production of genotoxins, pathobionts, and disruption of the host metabolism are increasingly becoming evident. Methods Different electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were searched for relevant literature which has been reviewed in this article. Results Characterization of the microbiome particularly gut microbiota, understanding of the host-microbiota interactions, and its potential for therapeutic exploitation are necessary for the development of novel anticancer therapeutic strategies with better efficacy and lowered off-target side effects. Conclusion In this review, the role of microbiota is explained in carcinogenesis, mechanisms of microbiota-mediated carcinogenesis, and role of gut microbiota in modulation of cancer therapy.
The Journal of Pathology, 2018
Humans coexist with a vast bacterial, fungal and viral microbiome with which we have coevolved for millions of years. Several long recognized epidemiological associations between particular bacteria and cancer are now understood at the molecular level. At the same time, the arrival of next-generation sequencing technology has permitted a thorough exploration of microbiomes such as that of the human gut, enabling observation of taxonomic and metabolomic relationships between the microbiome and cancer. These studies have revealed causal mechanisms for both microbes within tumours and microbes in other host niches separated from tumours, mediated through direct and immunological mechanisms.
Gut
ObjectiveIn this consensus statement, an international panel of experts deliver their opinions on key questions regarding the contribution of the human microbiome to carcinogenesis.DesignInternational experts in oncology and/or microbiome research were approached by personal communication to form a panel. A structured, iterative, methodology based around a 1-day roundtable discussion was employed to derive expert consensus on key questions in microbiome-oncology research.ResultsSome 18 experts convened for the roundtable discussion and five key questions were identified regarding: (1) the relevance of dysbiosis/an altered gut microbiome to carcinogenesis; (2) potential mechanisms of microbiota-induced carcinogenesis; (3) conceptual frameworks describing how the human microbiome may drive carcinogenesis; (4) causation versus association; and (5) future directions for research in the field.The panel considered that, despite mechanistic and supporting evidence from animal and human stu...
Commensal microorganisms (the microbiota) live on all the surface barriers of our body and are particularly abundant and diverse in the distal gut. The microbiota and its larger host represent a metaorganism in which the cross talk between microbes and host cells is necessary for health, survival, and regulation of physiological functions locally, at the barrier level, and sys-temically. The ancestral molecular and cellular mechanisms stemming from the earliest interactions between prokaryotes and eukaryotes have evolved to mediate microbe-dependent host physiology and tissue homeostasis, including innate and adaptive resistance to infections and tissue damage. Mostly because of its effects on metabolism, cellular proliferation, inflammation, and immunity, the microbiota regulates cancer at the level of predisposing conditions, initiation, genetic instability, susceptibility to host immune response , progression, comorbidity, and response to therapy. Here, we review the mechanisms underlying the interaction of the microbiota with cancer and the evidence suggesting that the microbiota could be targeted to improve therapy while attenuating adverse reactions.
Editorial: Host-microbiota and cancer
Frontiers in Oncology
Cancer is the 2 nd leading cause of death in the United States, making up an average of 21% of deaths in both genders (1). The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, starting from its peak in mid-2020 and still recovering (2). With continued mortality and incidence due to this disease, research has migrated to other areas of interest for mechanisms to aid cancer management, such as exosomes, nucleic acids, and, more innovatively, the gut microbiota. The human microbiome is a complex community composed of various microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoans. It contains approximately 100 trillion microorganisms and can be found at different body points, such as the skin and respiratory system. Still, the majority commonly reside in the gastrointestinal region (3). The connection between microbiome and health began to be established with the microbiome having evolving links in cardiovascular, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer (4-6). Within the scope of cancer, it is now well known that a high involvement of microbiota can indirectly or directly affect the occurrence, treatment outcome, and drug resistance. For example, Helicobacter pylori are cancer-related pathogen that can increase the incidence of gastric cancer (7). This microorganism and others will generally be responsible for approximately 20% of cancer cases (8). Additionally, the microbiota in the body has been found to have interactions in the tumor microenvironment and has ways to promote or regulate carcinogenesis and cancer therapeutic response. This can occur through signaling pathways, inducing DNA damage, and immune system regulation (9). The ability of the human microbiota to play a functional role in carcinogenesis identifies it as a potential and worthy subject for further research to understand the regulatory mechanisms for pathogen-related cancers. Furthermore, research is essential and beneficial as it can aid in identifying novel therapeutics for cancer management. Studies have shown that the tumor microbiota has a different composition than normal, and the type of composition can affect different points of development and progression. The microbiome can help regulate cancer at various points and is commonly due to the significant difference in the microbiota composition. Therefore, understanding how the Frontiers in Oncology frontiersin.org 01
The Impact of Human Microbiome in the Cause, Prevention, and Treatment of Several Cancers
SVOA Microbiology, 2020
This review discusses the major role of Microbiome and its procedure in the prevention and the cause of some important cancers. Nearly 30 trillion bacterial cells are living in or on each human. In addition to digestion, microbes are also supported by immune function, metabolism, and reproduction. While microbes play an important role in maintaining human health and vice Versa. There are some major Bacteria play main roles in causing many cancer types. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) causes breast and skin cancers. F. nucleatum induces an inflammatory response and activation of cancer-promoting genes. The activation of these genes was found to increase the rate of proliferation in colorectal cells. The human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for nearly all cases of anal and cervical cancer. These viruses are also responsible for many cases of mouth and throat cancers. Several studies, however, have found F. nucleatum in colorectal adenomas and advanced-stage colorectal cancer. All...
Roles of Microbiota in Cancer: From Tumor Development to Treatment
Journal of Oncology, 2022
Cancer as a second leading cause of death arises from multifactorial pathology. The association of microbiota and their products with various pathologic conditions including cancer is receiving significant attention over the past few years. Mounting evidence showed that human microbiota is an emerging target in tumor onset, progression, prevention, and even diagnosis. Accordingly, modulating this composition might influence the response to tumor therapy and therapeutic resistance as well. Through this review, one could conceive of complex interaction between the microbiome and cancer in either positive or negative manner by which may hold potential for finding novel preventive and therapeutic strategies against cancer.
The Cancer Microbiome: Distinguishing Direct and Indirect Effects Requires a Systemic View
Trends in Cancer
Microbiomes impact on human health in many ways and likely impact on cancer progression and response to therapy. The effects of microbiomes on cancer may be direct or indirect. The interactions between microbiomes and cancerstwo complex systems on their ownrequire a systems biology approach. Treatments that alter microbiome composition of cancer patients are already under investigation in trials.
Cancer and the microbiome: potential applications as new tumor biomarker
Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2014
Microbial communities that colonize in humans are collectively described as microbiome. According to conservative estimates, about 15% of all types of neoplasms are related to different infective agents. However, current knowledge is not sufficient to explain how the microbiome contributes to the growth and development of cancers. Large and thorough studies involving colonized, diverse and complex microbiome entities are required to identify microbiome as a potential cancer marker and to understand how the immune system is involved in response to pathogens. This article reviews the existing evidence supporting the enigmatic association of transformed microbiome with the development of cancer through the immunological modification. Ascertaining the connection between microbiome and immunological responses with risk of cancer may direct to explaining significant advances in the etiology of cancer, potentially disclosing a novel paradigm of research for the management and prevention of cancer.