Contribution of periodontal disease in pregnant women as a risk factor for low birth weight (original) (raw)
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Periodontal disease -- the emergence of a risk for systemic conditions: pre-term low birth weight
Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 2005
This paper addresses the problem of adverse pregnancy outcome in relation to periodontal disease. There is compelling evidence that a link exists between pre-term low birth weight (PLBW) and periodontitis. Although 25% to 50% of PLBW deliveries occur without any known aetiology, there is increasing evidence that infection may play a significant role in pre-term delivery. A model explaining the plausible relationship is proposed based upon the concept of infection leading to a cascade of inflammatory reactions associated with pre-term labour and periodontal disease. Current evidence has pointed to an interest in dental intervention studies to control periodontal disease as one of the potential strategies to reduce pre-term labour. This paper reviews the potential association between periodontal infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Periodontal Disease: A Possible Risk-Factor for Adverse Pregnancy Outcome
Journal of international oral health : JIOH, 2015
Bacterial invasion in subgingival sites especially of gram-negative organisms are initiators for periodontal diseases. The periodontal pathogens with persistent inflammation lead to destruction of periodontium. In recent years, periodontal diseases have been associated with a number of systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular-disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic respiratory diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes including pre-term low-birth weight (PLBW) and pre-eclampsia. The factors like low socio-economic status, mother's age, race, multiple births, tobacco and drug-abuse may be found to increase risk of adverse pregnancy outcome. However, the same are less correlated with PLBW cases. Even the invasion of both aerobic and anerobic may lead to inflammation of gastrointestinal tract and vagina hence contributing to PLBW. The biological mechanism involved between PLBW and Maternal periodontitis is the translocation of chemical mediators of inflammation. Pre...
Association of periodontitis with pre term low birth weight – A review
Placenta, 2020
Prematurity is one of the main causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. The association between periodontitis and premature delivery and low weight at birth has been suggested in many literature. Pregnancy totally depends on physiological immune tolerance of a women. During pregnancy shifts in the microbial composition of the subgingival dental plaque biofilm promotes the formation of more hazardous and destructive microbial community. In women suffering with periodontitis, the infected periodontal tissues may act as source of bacteria and their products can reach to the foetus-placenta unit through circulation. This helps the bacterial agents and their products to activate inflammatory signalling pathways locally and in extra-oral sites, including the placenta-foetal unit, which may not only induce preterm labor but also restrict the intrauterine growth. Number of literature has shown about the effectiveness of providing periodontal treatment in preventing gestational complications by controlling the infection and inflammation in periodontitis patients during pregnancy. In this review we aimed to throw the light on the current data of association between pregnancy and periodontitis, pathogenic mechanisms underlying this association, evidence of this association and effect of providing periodontal treatment as a safety precaution to the mothers. 2. Complications of preterm birth to the infant [7] During the neonatal period (first 28 days) and infancy (first year
Journal of Research in Medical Education & Ethics, 2011
Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate any association between periodontal disease during pregnancy and delivery of pre-term low birth weight (PLBW) babies in a population of Pakistani women during pregnancy (age=18-35 years) who are nutritionally healthy, socio-economically sound and not under influence of any medical disease.Study Design: Cross-sectional study conducted at Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore.Patients And Methods: Study selected (calculated sample size=325) mothers after excluding known confounders for PLBW. Periodontal status of mothers and their delivery outcome recorded on a specially designed proforma. Sample divided into two groups according to delivery outcomes. SPSS 11.0 was used for data analysis. Percentage frequencies were calculated for periodontal and delivery outcome variables. Fisher's exact chi-square test with 5% level of significance was applied to analyze statistical association and Odd's ratio was also calculated.Results: Out of total 325, 21.2% (n=69) women delivered PLBW babies, out of which 15 had healthy periodontal status and 43.4% (n=30) had periodontal pockets depth of >4 mm, remaining had bleeding gums and calculus. Women delivering normal birth weight babies (n=256), 42 had healthy periodontal status, 35.9% (n=92) had periodontal pockets. No significant difference was observed in periodontal status of two groups (p>0.05). Odd's Ratio calculated for the periodontal pocket depth between both the groups was 0.72 (CI=95%; Chi=0.58).Conclusion: Study failed to show any association between periodontal disease (indicated by pocket depth) and the delivery of low birth weight. However, periodontal disease level was high in both the groups.
Periodontal Disease: A Possible Risk Fadtor for Adverse Pregnancy Outcome
Bacterial invasion in subgingival sites especially of gram-negative organisms are initiators for periodontal diseases. The periodontal pathogens with persistent inflammation lead to destruction of periodontium. In recent years, periodontal diseases have been associated with a number of systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular-disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic respiratory diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes including pre-term low-birth weight (PLBW) and pre-eclampsia. The factors like low socio-economic status, mother’s age, race, multiple births, tobacco and drug-abuse may be found to increase risk of adverse pregnancy outcome. However, the same are less correlated with PLBW cases. Even the invasion of both aerobic and anerobic may lead to inflammation of gastrointestinal tract and vagina hence contributing to PLBW. The biological mechanism involved between PLBW and Maternal periodontitis is the translocation of chemical mediators of inflammation. Pre-eclampsia is one of the commonest cause of both maternal and fetal morbidity as it is characterized by hypertension and hyperprotenuria. Improving periodontal health before or during pregnancy may prevent or reduce the occurrences of these adverse pregnancy outcomes and, therefore, reduce the maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Hence, this article is an attempt to review the relationship between periodontal condition and altered pregnancy outcome.
Relationship between maternal periodontal disease and low birth weight babies
2013
Background: Periodontal infections, which serve as a reservoir of inflammatory mediators, may pose a threat to the fetal-placental unit and cause adverse pregnancy outcomes. Objective: The aim of this study was assessing the periodontal status of women during puerperium and determining the possible relationship between their periodontal disease and low birth weight delivery. Materials and Methods: This was a case-control study. The sample included 88 ex-pregnant women were seen at maternity hospitals of Yazd, Iran. Half of the mothers had low birth babies (LBW) (birth weight below 2500g- case group) and the others had normal weight babies (>2500g- control group). The mothers’ data were obtained from medical files, interview and periodontal clinical examination carried out up to 3 days after delivery. Bleeding on probing, presence of supra-gingival calculus and CPITN (Community Periodontal Index for Treatment Needs) were used for periodontal assessment Results: Among the known risk factors of LBW babies, history of previous LBW infant among case mothers reached statistical significance (p=0.0081, Student t-test). Mothers of LBW infants had less healthy areas of gingiva (p=0.042), and more deep pockets (p=0.0006, Mann-Whitney test). Conclusion: The maternal periodontal disease can be a potential independent risk factor for LBW. Key Words: Periodontal disease, Low birth weight, community periodontal indexfor treatment needs
Relationships of Periodontal Disease and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
International Journal of Medical and Clinical Imaging, 2019
One of the risk factor for preterm delivery by increasing local and systemic inflammatory responses certainly is periodontal disease. Specific oral pathogenic bacteria F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, C. rectus and other might be connected to the adverse results of pregnancy. During pregnancy, the number of anaerobic gram-negative bacteria compared to aerobic increases in dental plaque in the second trimester, which can lead to an increase in local cytokine production. Preterm delivery occurs by ascending infections from the vagina or cervix or through haematogenous spree from non-genital sources. The association between maternal periodontal disease and adverse preterm delivery although extensive studies remains unclear. There are various explanations for different pathways of periodontal disease activity on the negative outcomes of pregnancy. For the well-being of the pregnant women and babies further research on the prevention and treatment of chronic oral infections in pregnancy, as well as in the female reproductive population, will be required.
Periodontal infections which serve as reservoirs of gram negative anaerobic organisms, lipopolysaccharides and inflammatory mediators including PGE 2 and TNF-α, may have consequences that extend beyond the periodontal tissues themselves. Low birth weight children experience combination of various neurosensory, developmental and health problem causing tremendous impact on the health care system and survivors own family. All of these warrants the continuous research for risk factors for LBW that are amenable to prevention. Aims: .In the present study it was sought to determine the periodontal status of the mother with low and normal birth weight infants and to assess the affect of periodontal status of the mothers on birth weight of infants Methods and Material: Hence full mouth periodontal examination was carried out on 100 mothers with LBWand NBW infants after controlling for all other known risk factors.DMF index,OHI score, Gingival index, Probing Pocket Depth, and Clinical Attachment Level measurement were made. Results: It was found that mothers with LBWinfants had poorer oral hygiene, increased gingival index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment loss measurement.DMF Index was not associated with the risk of LBW.This data suggest that periodontal infections is a risk factor for LBW Infants Conclusions: Periodontal disease can be considered as a potential risk factor for low birth weight.
Association between periodontal disease and pregnancy outcomes
PubMed, 2015
Objective: To evaluate the association between periodontal disease and pregnancy outcomes like preterm birth and low birth weight. Patients and method: Interviewer-administered questionnaires were completed by the subjects who attended the antenatal clinic of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos. Information obtained included; maternal age, gestational age, marital status, educational status, occupation and expected date of delivery. After delivery, the questionnaire was completed with baby's weight at birth and the actual date of delivery. Clinical assessment of the periodontium was done using Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) and Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Participants were divided into three groups: Test, Control I and Control II groups. Scaling and polishing were done for all patients with periodontal disease before (Test group) and after delivery (Control I). All Control II participants (those without periodontal disease) were given Oral hygiene instructions. Descriptive and comparative analyses were done using Epi info version 2008. Results: Four hundred and fifty women received the questionnaire but the response rate was 94%, giving an actual sample size of 423 participants. Maternal age range was between 18 and 34 years with mean age of 29.67 (± 3.37). Gestational age at the point of recruitment was between 10 weeks and 26 weeks with mean of 23.34 (± 4.05). The prevalence of periodontal disease among the study group was 33.38%. About 71% of the participants attained tertiary level of education; only 0.7% had no formal education. There was 9.9% use of alcohol among the participants. The mean oral hygiene score for the participants was 1.94 (± 1.31). The prevalences for preterm deliveries, low birth weight and spontaneous abortion were 12.5%, 12.1% and 1.42% respectively. Conclusion: This study confirms periodontal disease as a probable risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm delivery and low birth weight. Therefore, health workers should be encouraged to promote good oral health among women.