In vitro mass production of entomopathogenic nematodes on solid media: A review (original) (raw)
Related papers
Mass Production of Entomopathogenic Nematodes- A Review
International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 2018
Utilization of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) is an ecofriendly method of crop protection. EPNs can be easily mass produced. Production approaches are either in vivo or in vitro methods (solid and liquid). Most nematodes intended for commercial application are produced in solid or liquid fermentation technology. However, for laboratory research and small greenhouse or field trials, in vivo production of entomopathogenic nematodes is the common method of propagation. Mass production of EPNs is influenced by the amount of progeny required, time, resources, the costs of production, as well as the level of expertise available. The differences in nematode life cycle and bacterial symbiosis play major role in final nematode yields. This review describes the general biology of EPNs and gives an overview of studies to date on EPNs mass production. Keywords-Entomopathogenic nematodes, bacterial symbiosis, biocontrol agent, in vivo mass production, in vitro mass production. I.
Mass production of entomopathogenic nematodes for plant protection
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2001
Entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema are commercially used to control pest insects. They are symbiotically associated with bacteria of the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, respectively, which are the major food source for the nematodes. The biology of the nematode-bacterium complex is described, a historical review of the development of in vitro cultivation techniques is given and the current use in agriculture is summarised. Cultures of the complex are pre-incubated with the symbiotic bacteria before the nematodes are inoculated. Whereas the inoculum preparation and preservation of bacterial stocks follow standard rules, nematodes need special treatment. Media development is mainly directed towards cost reduction, as the bacteria are able to metabolise a variety of protein sources to provide optimal conditions for nematode reproduction. The process technology is described, discussing the influence of bioreactor design and process parameters required to obtain high nematode yields. As two organisms are grown in one vessel and one of them is a multicellular organism, the population dynamics and symbiotic interactions need to be understood in order to improve process management. Major problems can originate from the delayed or slow development of the nematode inoculum and from phase variants of the symbiotic bacteria that have negative effects on nematode development and reproduction. Recent scientific progress has helped to understand the biological and technical parameters that influence the process, thus enabling transfer to an industrial scale. As a consequence, costs for nematode-based products could be significantly reduced.
Mass Production of Entomopathogenic Nematodes or Plant Protection-A Review
Chemical pesticides may cause secondary pest outbreaks, accelerate the development of resistance, destroy natural enemies and create hazards for human's poisonings and approximately twenty thousand deaths occurring annually due to pesticides. As a result, regulatory agencies in different countries have imposed restrictions on chemical pesticide usage. Biological control using predators, parasitoids or pathogens can be an effective measure in insect pest management. Research and development on biological control and insect pests has increased manifold during the past two decades and entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN's) have been developed as one of the tool in insect management. Already, the EPN based biopesticides occupy the major share in the biopesticide world, being second only to Bacillus thuringiensis. EPN's of the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae (Order: Rhabditida) are lethal parasites associated with symbiotic bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Steinernematids are associated with Xenorhabdus spp. and Heterorhabditids with Photorhabdus spp. EPN's can be mass produced by in vivo or in vitro methods. The use of EPN is safe for both the user and the environment.
2014
Entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema are commercially used to control pest insects. They are symbiotically associated with bacteria of the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, respectively, which are the major source for the nematodes. The biology of the nematode-bacterium complex is described, a historical review of the development of in vitro cultivation techniques is given and the current use in agriculture is summarised. Media development is mainly directed towards cost reduction, as the bacteria are able to metabolise a variety of protein sources to provide optimal conditions for nematode reproduction. The process technology is described, discussing the influence of bioreactor design and process parameters required to obtain high nematode yields. As two organisms are grown in one vessel and one of them is a multicellular organism, the population dynamics and symbiotic interactions need to be understood in order to improve process management. ...
Biosystematics of entomopathogenic nematodes: current status, protocols and definitions
Journal of Helminthology, 1997
COST Action 819:Entomopathogenic nematodes, supercedes Action 812:Cold active lines of insect parasitic nematodes in Agriculture and Biotechnology. It functions in the field of Agriculture and Biotechnology and began in July 1994 and will end in May, 1999. The main objective is to combine interrelated European expertise to increase the use of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in integrated pest management and to reduce the need for chemical control. Coordination of the Action is the responsibility of a management committee in accordance with a Memorandum of Understanding, which has been signed by representatives of 17 countries: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. A research institute in Israel is also participating. Over 40 research institutions and 10 commercial companies participate in Action 819. The EU funding meets the costs related to coordination...
A Low-Cost Technology for Entomopathogenic Nematode Large-Scale Production
Multiphase Bioreactor Design, 2001
Entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Steinemema and Heterorhabditis may provide a valuable alternative to chemical insecticides. The characteristics that make them excellent biopesticides include their wide host spectrum, the ability to search for and kill hosts rapidly, and their high virulence and reproductive rates. Furthermore, they are considered environmentally safe. The major constraint to overcome before the onset of commercialisation is their mass production. Entomopathogenic nematodes are currently mass-produced in vivo or in vitro, either in solid culture or in liquid cultivation. An overview of these mass production methods and an analysis of three different bioreactor designs are presented. The progress achieved in liquid culture due to an improvement on sexual contact between adults (better mixture of the solid phase), which results in higher yields (RF), as compared with those reported before, is demonstrated. This improvement in the area of bioreaction engineering allowed these biopesticides to become more competitive compared to chemical insecticides. However, further technological advances and biological studies towards a better understanding of physiology and genetics of the complex nematode-bacterium are still required.
Entomopathogenic Parasitic nematodes (EPNs) have several important attributes that make them excellent candidates for biological control of many soil insects. These nematodes can be produced in-vivo by baiting technique on insects and commercially by in-vitro solid/liquid culturing. Numerous insect pests on many different crops are being controlled by these insect parasitic nematodes, including root weevils, flea beetles, mint root borer, colorado potato beetle, white grubs, caterpillars and plant parasitic root nematode e.g., root-knot nematodes. Utilization of EPN has raised intense interest and has drawn global attention mainly because of their potential efficiency, exemption from registration and other impressive attributes for utilizing for control of soil dwelling pests. This review highlights the mass production, commercialization and utilization of EPN as microbial biopesticide in bio-intensive pest management programmes.
New Approaches For Extracting And Mass Rearing of Entomopathogenic Nematodes In Vivo
Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, B. Zoology
Entomopathongic nematodes (EPNs) including stienernematids and heterorhabditis are used to control a variety of economically insect pests (Shapiro-Ilan et al., 2002b; Grewal et al., 2005). These nematodes gave control equivalent to or superior than the chemical standard insecticides. The infective juveniles (IJs) enter their host through natural openings or through the cuticle. Subsequently, nematodes release their bacterial symbioses, which are responsible for killing the host within 24-48 hours (Dowds and Peters, 2002). The nematodes feed on the bacterial cells and host tissues that has been metabolized by the bacterium and has 1-3 generations, depending ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History
Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 2011
Parasitic nematodes have several important attributes that make them excellent candidates for biological control of soil insects. These nematodes can be produced by in vivo by baiting technique on insects and commercially by in vitro solid/liquid culturing. Numerous insect pests on many different crops are being controlled by these insect parasitic nematodes, including root weevils, flea beetles, mint root borer, colorado potato beetle, white grubs, caterpillars and plant parasitic root nematode, e.g. root-knot nematodes. Utilisation of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) has raised intense interest and has been a growing concern globally mainly because of its potential efficiency, exemption from registration and other impressive attributes for utilising against the control of soil dwelling pests. This review highlights the mass production, commercialisation and utilisation of EPN as microbial biopesticide in bio-intensive pest management programmes.
Automated technology for in vivo mass production of entomopathogenic nematodes
Biological Control, 2002
As the only biocontrol agent available for many soil insects, entomopathogenic nematodes should be poised for wider use, as regulatory scrutiny in the USA continues to restrict or ban important chemical insecticides. One component of nematode production in the USA is a cottage industry of low volume producers using in vivo technology, based on a method devised in 1927: the White trap. We report the first scalable system for in vivo nematode mass production. Unlike the White trap, there is no requirement for nematode migration to a water reservoir. The LOTEK system of tools and procedures provides process technology for low-cost, high-efficiency mass production. The system consists of: (1) perforated holding trays to secure insect hosts during inoculation, conditioning (synchronizing nematode emergence), and harvesting, (2) an automated, self-cleaning harvester with misting nozzles that trigger infective juvenile emergence and rinse the nematodes through the holding trays to a central bulk storage tank, and (3) a continuous deflection separator for washing and concentrating nematodes. The harvester collects 97% of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar that emerged from Galleria mellonella (L.) cadavers in 48 h. The separator removes 97.5% of the wastewater in three passes, while nematode concentration increased 81-fold. The rearing system offers an increase in efficiency relative to the conventional White trap method with reduced labor and space.