New Approaches For Extracting And Mass Rearing of Entomopathogenic Nematodes In Vivo (original) (raw)
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Biosystematics of entomopathogenic nematodes: current status, protocols and definitions
Journal of Helminthology, 1997
COST Action 819:Entomopathogenic nematodes, supercedes Action 812:Cold active lines of insect parasitic nematodes in Agriculture and Biotechnology. It functions in the field of Agriculture and Biotechnology and began in July 1994 and will end in May, 1999. The main objective is to combine interrelated European expertise to increase the use of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in integrated pest management and to reduce the need for chemical control. Coordination of the Action is the responsibility of a management committee in accordance with a Memorandum of Understanding, which has been signed by representatives of 17 countries: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. A research institute in Israel is also participating. Over 40 research institutions and 10 commercial companies participate in Action 819. The EU funding meets the costs related to coordination...
Mass Production of Entomopathogenic Nematodes- A Review
International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 2018
Utilization of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) is an ecofriendly method of crop protection. EPNs can be easily mass produced. Production approaches are either in vivo or in vitro methods (solid and liquid). Most nematodes intended for commercial application are produced in solid or liquid fermentation technology. However, for laboratory research and small greenhouse or field trials, in vivo production of entomopathogenic nematodes is the common method of propagation. Mass production of EPNs is influenced by the amount of progeny required, time, resources, the costs of production, as well as the level of expertise available. The differences in nematode life cycle and bacterial symbiosis play major role in final nematode yields. This review describes the general biology of EPNs and gives an overview of studies to date on EPNs mass production. Keywords-Entomopathogenic nematodes, bacterial symbiosis, biocontrol agent, in vivo mass production, in vitro mass production. I.
In vitro mass production of entomopathogenic nematodes on solid media: A review
Journal of entomology and zoology studies, 2020
Entomopathogenic nematodes, obligate insect pathogens, are widely used as biocontrol agents against economically important insect pests in different farming systems because they provide environmentally safe and sustainable crop protection. Hence the most important thing for the successful and reasonable usage of EPNs in crop protection is their production on large scale at competitive cost within a short time. In parallel to this, EPNs can be easily cultured either in-vivo or in vitro in the laboratory. The in vivo production is quite simple process as it involves the culturing on live insect host on the White Trap method, which involves the natural migration of IJs away from the infected host cadaver into the surrounding w+** ater layer. But the commercial production is quite impracticable due to high production costs, lacks of economies of scale and low nematode yields per gram of insect biomass. In place of that, the in vitro solid technology gives higher nematode yields per gram of solid media, which is based on introducing nematodes to a pure culture of the symbiotic bacteria into a nutritive, non-living medium that contains the sterile ingredients.
Role of entomopathogenic nematodes in the management of insect pests
2014
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema are obligate and lethal insect parasites. They have the greater potential to be developed as a microbial agent for the management of various insect pests of orchard, vegetables, ornamental plants and turf grasses. The third stage juvenile i.e. the infective juvenile along with symbiotic bacteria (Xenorhabdus spp. in Steinernema spp. and Photorhabdus spp. in Heterorhabditis spp.) enters into the insect body through natural openings or sometimes by penetration through intersegmental membrane. The relationship between nematode and bacteria is an example of true mutualism and from this relation both the organisms are benefited. This nematode-bacterium complex causes the death of insect pests within 24–72 hours. Mass rearing of Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid nematodes can be done in vivo in insect hosts and in vitro in solid medium or in liquid medium. For in vivo production Galleria mellonella larvae are...
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 2003
Superior efficacy observed in entomopathogenic nematodes applied in infected-host cadavers compared with application in aqueous suspension Entomopathogenic nematodes (genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis) can control a wide variety of economically important pests (Shapiro-Ilan et al., 2002), and are generally applied in aqueous suspension through a variety of agricultural spray equipment or irrigation systems (Grewal, 2002). These nematodes have also been shown to be effective when applied in their infected-host cadavers (Creighton and Fassuliotis, 1985; Jansson et al., 1993). Compared with application in aqueous, laboratory studies have indicated application of infected cadavers can result in superior nematode dispersal (Shapiro and Glazer, 1996), infectivity (Shapiro and Lewis, 1999), and survival (Perez et al., 2003). There remains, however, a need to test further the infected cadaver approach under greenhouse and field conditions, and to directly compare this approach to aqueous application. In two greenhouse experiments, we compared the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes applied in aqueous suspension with application in infected cadavers; one experiment targeted the diaprepes root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) with Heterorhabditis indica Poinar, Karunakar, and David (Hom1 strain), and the other the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) with Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Oswego strain). Insects were obtained from laboratory-reared cultures, and nematodes were reared in vivo according to
African Entomology, 2014
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have been identified as being promising biological control agents of key insect pests. The two EPN genera that have shown potential for use as biological control agents within an integrated pest management programme are Steinernema and Heterorhabditis. Large numbers of EPNs can be produced through either in vivo or in vitro culturing practices. Commercialization and the successful use of EPNs to control pests in North America, Australia, Europe and Asia have confirmed the effectiveness of these organisms as biological control agents. Two endemic EPN isolates to South Africa, Heterorhabditis zealandica (SF41) and H. bacteriophora (SF351) have been shown to be effective control agents of codling moth, Cydia pomonella, false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta, obscure mealybug, Pseudococcus viburni, and the banded fruit weevil, Phlyctinus callosus. Unfortunately, EPNs in large enough numbers for commercial field applications are not yet available on the South African market.
A Low-Cost Technology for Entomopathogenic Nematode Large-Scale Production
Multiphase Bioreactor Design, 2001
Entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Steinemema and Heterorhabditis may provide a valuable alternative to chemical insecticides. The characteristics that make them excellent biopesticides include their wide host spectrum, the ability to search for and kill hosts rapidly, and their high virulence and reproductive rates. Furthermore, they are considered environmentally safe. The major constraint to overcome before the onset of commercialisation is their mass production. Entomopathogenic nematodes are currently mass-produced in vivo or in vitro, either in solid culture or in liquid cultivation. An overview of these mass production methods and an analysis of three different bioreactor designs are presented. The progress achieved in liquid culture due to an improvement on sexual contact between adults (better mixture of the solid phase), which results in higher yields (RF), as compared with those reported before, is demonstrated. This improvement in the area of bioreaction engineering allowed these biopesticides to become more competitive compared to chemical insecticides. However, further technological advances and biological studies towards a better understanding of physiology and genetics of the complex nematode-bacterium are still required.
Entomopathogenic nematode as a biocontrol agent – Recent trends – A Review
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences (IJARBS), 2017
Safety and environmentalcal insecticide issues surrounding the use of chemical insecticides has led to an emphasis on developing alternative control measures such as entomopathogens and their products. Entomopathogenic nematodeare effective biopesticide which can be incorporated in IPM programs because they are considered non-toxic to humans, relatively specific to their target pests and can be applied with standard pesticide equipment. Entomopthogenic nematodes have proven to be the most effective as biological control organisms. Entomopathogenic nematodes have been released extensively in crop fields with negligible effects on non target insects and are regarded as exceptionally safe to the environment. Our focus in this paper was to review mechanism and pathogencity of nematode, phylogeny of nematode for Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae. Steinernematidae is represented by the genera Steinernema and Neosteinernema and Heterorhabditidae is represented by the genus Heterorhabditis. They are associated with mutualistic bacteria in the genus Xenorhabdus for Steinernema and Photorhabdus for Heterorhabditis. Thus, it is a nematode bacterium complex that works together as a biological control unit to kill an insect host by penetrating the host through natural opening and there by releasing the bacterial symbiont which spread and multiply in the haemolymph of the insect pest and kill them by septicemia. Infective juvenile entomopathogenic nematode locate their hosts in soil by means of two strategies-ambusing and crusing. Nematode employs different foraging strategies to locate and infect hosts. Genetic diversity may be lost, or genetic variation may have been limited during collection or lost during importation and rearing. A serious problem for EPNs is founder effect because only a limited number of insect cadavers are collected at single geographical sites, resulting in reduced genetic variance. EPNs have been most efficacious in habitats that provide protection from environmental extremes, especially in soil, which is their natural habitat and in cryptic habitats. Excellent control has been archived against plantboring insects because their cryptic habitats are favorable for nematode survival and infectivity. In developing biocontrol programs using EPNs, one mechanism to increase the chance of success is to screen novel nematode species or strains for potential efficacy against particular target pests.
Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Integrated Pest Management and New Vistas
Egyptian Journal of Agronematology
Despite the current use of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) commercially, there are still new prospects for expanding their applications to occupy a prominent market position. Scientists, extension specialists and stakeholders need to identify and widely disseminate conditions under which EPN application can offer a cost-effective, value-added approach to integrated pest management. Moreover, EPN use should not be limited to plant pests. There are other pests that EPNs can effectively and safely control such as those that significantly affect health and production of farm animals and honey bees. Examples of such pests against which nematodes can be reliably applied and general precautions to be taken to optimize EPN operation are given. The wide host range of EPN and their mutualistic bacteria against arthropods and pathogens are promising for advantageous industrial products for boosting pest/disease management. Therefore, a full useful spectrum of the EPN-bacterium complex or the symbiotic bacterium individually should be harnessed for useful usage in current and emerging agricultural systems. Fitting symbiont-obtained insecticidal, acaricidal, nematicidal, pharmaceutical, fungicidal, antimicrobial, and toxic compounds into current or emerging strategies, for controlling many pests/pathogens should be earnestly sought.
Entomopathogenic Parasitic nematodes (EPNs) have several important attributes that make them excellent candidates for biological control of many soil insects. These nematodes can be produced in-vivo by baiting technique on insects and commercially by in-vitro solid/liquid culturing. Numerous insect pests on many different crops are being controlled by these insect parasitic nematodes, including root weevils, flea beetles, mint root borer, colorado potato beetle, white grubs, caterpillars and plant parasitic root nematode e.g., root-knot nematodes. Utilization of EPN has raised intense interest and has drawn global attention mainly because of their potential efficiency, exemption from registration and other impressive attributes for utilizing for control of soil dwelling pests. This review highlights the mass production, commercialization and utilization of EPN as microbial biopesticide in bio-intensive pest management programmes.