Vaccination Practices in Ottoman Schools Osmanlı'da Okullarda Aşı Uygulamaları (original) (raw)
Related papers
Heliyon, 2020
Histories of medicine and vaccinology routinely reference the Ottoman Empire with regard to Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, her children's variolation, and the transmission of this knowledge throughout Britain and thereafter Europe. Few, however, follow the empire's ongoing relationship with vaccination after the Montagu family's departure. This article examines this aspect of Ottoman medical history by noting how Jenner's advances diffused back into the empire and then presenting and analyzing how imperial, medical, and even community leaders began to both educationally condition the population and gradually enact legislation that mandated vaccination. Owing to severe infrastructural, personnel, and financial deficits, instability, and popular fears and trepidation, the empire's aspirations to achieve universal vaccination were far from realized by the time of its early 1920s demise-especially throughout largely rural Anatolia. Ottoman institutional, educational, and legislative advances, however, collectively prepared the ground for the succeeding Turkish republic and its public health agenda. Given the republic's promotion of its efforts to modernize Turkey amid its mutual initiatives of nationbuilding, the empire's histories of providing this foundation are also sometimes overlooked.
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics, 2022
ABS TRACT With the vaccination regulations published successively in 1885, 1894 and 1904 the legal framework of the compulsory smallpox vaccination was drawn. The aim of this study is to determine from the archive documents of the period the difficulty faced by the government in the application of compulsory vaccination and the official approach to the solution of vaccine opposition. Official writings between 1885-1905 in the context of resolving the opposition to vaccination were searched for in the Prime Ministry Ottoman archives. Auxiliary sources were consulted for the interpretation of the expressions. With the aim of resolving opposition to mandatory vaccination, support was requested from religious community leaders; the benefits of the vaccine was publicized through newspapers; residents of every district were encouraged to report those who are not vaccinated to the official authorities. One of the biggest problems faced was that children were not vaccinated. Some of those who did not want to be vaccinated even changed their address. The applicability of the penalties foreseen in the regulations for those who do not get vaccinated was the main subject of discussion. By 1905, opposition to vaccination seems to have continued in certain regions of Istanbul. From an ethical point of view, compulsory vaccination aimed to protect public health conflicted with the will of those who were against the vaccine. However, it was noticed during the implementation process that the penalties stipulated in the regulation for those who do not want to be vaccinated do not guarantee vaccination.
MEASURES TAKEN IN SCHOOLS DUE TO EPIDEMICS IN THE LATE OTTOMAN AND EARLY REPUBLIC PERIOD
dini araştırmalar, 2023
Epidemics such as plague, measles, malaria, cholera, and Spanish flu affected the Ottoman Empire in every way, and various measures were taken in various fields according to the conjuncture of the period. The reason for choosing the last period in this study is that more epidemic detections have been made and the records of this period are high. After the 1800s, different epidemics with certain processes and results were experienced in the Ottoman Empire for certain reasons. Some of them affected the state at the micro level and some at the macro level. Undoubtedly, the most affected part of the epidemics were children, especially children of education age, who both accelerated the process of being affected by the disease and became the fastest intervention group. The Ottomans took separate measures regarding education during epidemics. These measures, which include schools, teachers, students, places of residence, and parents from time to time, have had an institutional impact on the state. When we look at the archive documents, issues such as the vacation of schools, vaccination policies, dissemination of disinfection studies, raising awareness among students and their parents, arranging separate allowances for these issues, and financial and moral support of teachers in this regard have been the most mentioned issues regarding epidemic and • 419
Erciyes Medical Journal , 2021
This historical review examined the onset of the vaccination method during the Ottoman Empire. Inoculation was performed in the regions of Thessaly, Macedonia, and Thrace using folk medicine as a measure against the spread of smallpox/variola infection. Greek physicians Emmanuel Timonis (1669–1720) and Jacobus Pylarinos (1659–1718) as well as several other Ottoman scientists of the Greek or Turkish descent pioneered the use and dissemination of variolation and the development of vaccination before or concurrently with Edward Jenner (1749–1823). During the 19th century in the Adrianople (Edirne) region and much earlier in Constantinople (İstanbul), vaccination programs used to be implemented as evidenced by various certificates distributed at that time. Ottoman vaccination documents from the early 20th century and the letter of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689–1762), dated 1719, have been analyzed, which confirms the extensive use of the vaccination method. Smallpox was the first disease to have been treated with vaccination method. The difference between the Greek and Ottoman physicians and Edward Jenner lies in the fact that while the Greek and Ottoman physicians removed fluid from pustules of an infected person to perform inoculation, Edward Jenner removed fluid from pustules of infected cows, which is why Edward Jenner’s method was coined vaccination (derived from the Latin word “vacca” meaning “cow”). Further, Turkish physicians Mustafa Behçet Efendi (1774–1834) and Sanizade Mehmed Ataullah Efendi (1771–1826) recommended the variolation method. It thus appears that the Ottomans provided care to all ethnicities of their Empire. Vaccines were initially used against smallpox, but the immunization program was eventually extended to other diseases.
Vaccination coverage and reasons for non-vaccination in a district of Istanbul
BMC Public Health, 2006
Background: In order to control and eliminate the vaccine preventable diseases it is important to know the vaccination coverage and reasons for non-vaccination. The primary objective of this study was to determine the complete vaccination rate; the reasons for non-vaccination and the predictors that influence vaccination of children. The other objective was to determine coverage of measles vaccination of the Measles Immunization Days (MID) 2005 for children aged 9 month to 6 years in a region of Umraniye, Istanbul, Turkey.
Compulsory Vaccination Application in Turkish Legal System
2021
The fight against infectious diseases, which cause mass illness and even loss of lives, has almost always been the focus of studies conducted and policies followed in the field of health. Methods and techniques developed for protection against infectious diseases, on the other hand, are used as instruments in the fight against epidemics. At this point, vaccines, which are considered to be one of the most important advances made in the field of public health, have become one of the most important symbols of preventive healthcare (Türk Tabipler Birliği, 2018). Given that diseases affect not only the individual patient but the community around them (Yüksel, 2019), the protection sought by vaccination acts both at individual and social levels. A well- known fact that when vaccines are used by significant numbers of people within a given community, they can help eliminate preventable diseases (WHO, 2014). This is why governments run routine vaccination programs to vaccinate children, providing protection against many infectious diseases used to cost millions of lives a year in the past (WHO, 2020). In this study, the relationship between preventive health services and vaccination will be explained primarily. After making explanations about the compulsory vaccination practices, it will be evaluated whether these practices are possible in the Turkish Legal System. Opinions on the subject will be included in the conclusion part.
Vaccination coverage and reasons for non vaccination in a district of Istanbul BMC Public Health
Background: In order to control and eliminate the vaccine preventable diseases it is important to know the vaccination coverage and reasons for non-vaccination. The primary objective of this study was to determine the complete vaccination rate; the reasons for non-vaccination and the predictors that influence vaccination of children. The other objective was to determine coverage of measles vaccination of the Measles Immunization Days (MID) 2005 for children aged 9 month to 6 years in a region of Umraniye, Istanbul, Turkey.
Legal measures on vaccination against smallpox in the principality of Serbia in the 1830s–1840s
Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu, 2021
The paper addresses the legal measures regarding vaccination against smallpox in the Principality of Serbia in the 1830s–1840s. The main focus is on two normative acts – Rules for the inoculation of pox of 1839 and a Supplement to these Rules of 1842. Relying on archive material, the paper strives to show both the normative content of these acts (including a comparison with the Austrian regulations of 1836), as well as the circumstances in which they were passed and their application in practice. Particular attention is paid to the main obstacles to effective vaccination – distrust and fear of the procedure among the general population and insufficient available medical staff – and steps that were taken to overcome these difficulties.
Inoculation, vaccination and public hygiene against smallpox.doc
I give here an historical view (from the XVIIIth to the XXth century) of hygiene policies adopted or rejected in different parts of the world (Europe and America). It starts from the beginning of the XVIIIth century, when the medications prescribed by Rhazes, the first physician who clearly diagnose the smallpox from 910, were still applied but the disease may be often fatal. However a new method of inoculation, which is hard to trace beyond the seventeenth century, began to be applied in Europe and America. According to the country its acceptation followed very different paths, going from the entire acceptation in New England till 1750, to the unconditional reject in France during the reign of Louis XV. However its acceptation by the population, the press, the doctors, the Churches and political power were clearly different. For example in New England Douglas (1722), the only Boston physician who had studied in Europe, claimed that inoculation aggravated the smallpox epidemics. In France de la Condamine in a paper to the Academy of science (1754) called the Faculties of Theology and medicine and senior magistrates to dispel the misgivings fomented against inoculation by ignorance. Despite its success he was forced to admit that his crusade had largely failed. Ironically, Louis XV fell victim of smallpox and died of it in 1774, after having blocked all attempts to eradicate it during his thirty years of reign. At the end of the XVIIIth century a new approach, this time by vaccination, was proposed by Jenner in 1798. Even if the population, the doctors, and the Churches were reticent at its beginning, they quickly accepted this practice and permitted its dissemination worldwide during the XIXth century. However a number of doctors, bacteriologists, biologists and national leagues would have preferred a more hygienic approach during this century. For example the Leicester Anti-Vaccination League founded in 1869 opposed the compulsory nature of vaccination, which they saw as an attack on personal freedom and developed a public-heath theory of the fight against epidemics. During the XXth century, the World Heath Organisation undertook the complete eradication of this disease from 1967. They declared in 1980 that the disease had been wiped off the face of the Earth. To accomplish this task, it used not only mass vaccination but in numerous cases, when it was insufficient, a strategy founded on hygiene procedures and isolation of patients to break the contagion chain. This fight against smallpox was a complex mix of acceptance or rejection by the population, the medical power, the political power, and mainly by the public hygiene policies followed during this long period of time and according to the country.