Identifying children with high mortality risk (original) (raw)
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Infant and Child Mortality in India: Levels, Trends and Determinants
Infant and child mortality is one of the sensitive indicators of a country’s socio-economic development. Millennium Development Goals (MDG) includes eight international development goals and to reduce child mortality is one of the goals. India being the signatory to the Millennium Summit Declaration (2000) aims at reducing child mortality by the year 2015. In National Population Policy 2000, National health Policy 2002 and National Rural Health Mission2005-2015, high priority has been given to reduce infant mortality rate. Though the infant and child mortality rate in India has been declining over last few several decades but there is a growing concern that the rate of decline is not fast enough to achieve Millennium Development Goal-4 by 2015, that of reducing under-five mortality rate by 2/3rd from the baseline levels of 1990. In the last decade, significant investments have been made to improve healthcare that are likely to have an additional impact on the rate of decline. As per latest data released by British Journal “The Lancet”, 20% of world’s under-5 deaths occur in India. India’s under-five mortality rate (U5MR) for 2015 is about seven times higher than in some high-income countries, where 1 in 147 children died before their fifth birthday. The main killers of Indian children aged below five years are infectious diseases such as pneumonia and diarrhea. The present paper attempts to study the levels, trend and determinants of infant and child mortality in India.
BMJ Open, 2019
ObjectivesThis paper analyses the patterns and trends in the mortality rates of infants and children under the age of 5 in India (1992–2016) and quantifies the variation in performance between different geographical states through three rounds of nationally representative household surveys.DesignThree rounds of cross-sectional survey data.SettingThe study is conducted at the national level: India and its selected good-performing states, namely Haryana, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab and Tamil Nadu, and selected poor-performing states, namely Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.ParticipantsAdopting a multistage, stratified random sampling, 601 509 households with 699 686 women aged 15–49 years in 2015–2016, 109 041 households with 124 385 women aged 15–49 years in 2005–2006, and 88 562 households with 89 777 ever married women in the age group 13–49 years in 1992–1993 were selected.ResultsThrough the use of maps, this paper clearly shows that the overall trend in infan...
Infant and child mortality in India
pdf.usaid.gov, 1998
This Subject Report exammes mfant and child mortality and their determinants for India as a whole and for mdlvldual states, usmg data from the 1992-93 NatIOnal Family Health SUNey Neonatal (first month), postneonatal (age 1-11 months), mfant (first year), ...
Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health
Infant mortality is an important indicator of nation's socioeconomic welfare. There are many socioeconomic , demographic and environmental determinants of infant mortality. As infant has an innate relationship with the mother, therefore the maternal health programmes have also very important repercussion on infant health. The above two dimensions of infant mortality have seldom been examined together in infants-based studies. Thus, the survival analysis for infants regarding its several determinants along with maternal health programmes and their impact is seen in the study. The paper applies Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard model using National Family Health Survey data 2005-06, in India, to demonstrate the risk of infant death with the above said factors. Poor households are more likely to experience infant deaths than rich and middle households. Maternal health programmes have a significant effect on infant mortality, but the inclusion of breastfeeding, mother education and wealth index make these results insignificant. This study indicates that there is a need to increase birth spacing, improve mother's education level, encourage breastfeeding and discourage teenage pregnancy in order to achieve the desired outcome of reducing infant mortality. Many interesting facets of the successful implementation of government and non-government policies on the improvement of infant survival are also discussed.
The Lancet. Global health, 2013
India has the largest number of child deaths of any country in the world, and has wide local variation in under-5 mortality. Worldwide achievement of the UN 2015 Millennium Development Goal for under-5 mortality (MDG 4) will depend on progress in the subregions of India. We aimed to estimate neonatal, 1-59 months, and overall under-5 mortality by sex for 597 Indian districts and to assess whether India is on track to achieve MDG 4. We divided the 2012 UN sex-specific birth and mortality totals for India into state totals using relative birth rates and mortality from recent demographic surveys of 24 million people, and divided state totals into totals for the 597 districts using 3 million birth histories. We then split the results into neonatal mortality and 1-59 month mortality using data for 109,000 deaths in children younger than 5 years from six national surveys. We compared results with the 2001 census for each district. Under-5 mortality fell at a mean rate of 3·7% (IQR 3·2-4·9...
Infant Mortality in Northern and Southern Regions of India: Differentials and Determinants
Social Science Spectrum, 2018
Using the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) 2005-06 data, this paper examines the differentials and determinants of IMR in northern and southern regions of India –which record two extreme levels (highest and lowest respectively). Inferential statistics,bivariate analysis and multilevel Cox proportional regression were used as the methods of analysis. The result suggests that IMR is more pronounced in the northern than southern region. This was observed across the factors taken into consideration in the study. Nevertheless, mother’s illiteracy, working status, and marrying and delivering first child at a young age were the major mother-related factors for a high IMR. Birth interval of less than two years, being of small-sized at birth, being a female child, and not breastfed at the time of survey were the main child-related factors for a high IMR. Further, poor economic condition, living in a rural area and not having access to basic civic amenities were the key household-relate...
Reducing Child Mortality in India in the New Millennium’
Bulletin of the World Health Organisation
Globally, child mortality rates have been halved over the last few decades, a developmental success story. Nevertheless, progress has been uneven and in recent years mortality rates have increased in some countries. The present study documents the slowing decline in infant mortality rates in India; a departure from the longer-term trends. The major causes of childhood mortality are also reviewed and strategic options for the different states of India are proposed that take into account current mortality rates and the level of progress in individual states. The slowing decline in childhood mortality rates in India calls for new approaches that go beyond disease-, programme-and sector-specific approaches.
Determinants of Infant Mortality in India
https://www.ijhsr.org/IJHSR\_Vol.6\_Issue.2\_Feb2016/3.pdf, 2016
Background: India has experienced an impressive decline in infant death since the 1970s. From 130-140 deaths per 1,000 live births in the early 1970"s to 41 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2013. Objective: The prime objective of this analysis is to explore the differential and determinants of IMR at present in India. Methods: NFHS-3 India, 2005-06 data used. To identify determinants of Infant death bivariate analysis followed by multivariate analysis was performed. The appropriate sampling weight was supplemented to perform the whole analysis. Results: The finding suggests that hazard of death was about 28% (95% CI=1.13-1.44) higher only among women from Central region, but similar to other regions when compared to North region. Hazard of infant death was highest among women with parity more than 5 (HR=1.29, 95% CI=1.08-1.55) as compared with women with parity two or less. Working status and empowerment of women was significantly reducing infant death. Child bearing in adolescent"s age and shorter spacing were the great risk of infant deaths. Conclusion: In order to bring further quick improvement, country needs to focus more to raising marriage age, bringing attitudinal change of lesser children with adequate birth spacing by promoting contraceptive awareness and making aware and access of MCH services regionally, specially, to the states of Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh that constituting nearly half of the country population.
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2021
IntroductIon In the world approximately 130 million infants born annually and more than 4 million infants die within first 28 days of life [1] and most of deaths occur in low and middle income countries. [2] Last 30 years, the diminution in neonatal mortality rates had been found slower as compared to under-five and child mortality rates. [3,4] A study indicates that community education has a significant positive effect on child mortality in northeastern India. The study unfolds that community education effect is more than maternal factors on child mortality. [5] Socioeconomic factors such as place of residence, woman's education, and economic condition are known as full power determinants of infant and child mortality. [6] It has investigated the positive effect of mother's education on child survival. [7] Gender disparity in health and education is higher in South Asian countries than anywhere else in the world. The various differentials and determinants of neonatal and infant mortality rates were estimated in rural southern states of India. The trend and pattern were also found which are based on household survey data. [8] The under-five and neonatal mortality rates of different districts of India were analyzed to explore the district-level variability in neonatal and under-five mortality with the reference of Sustainable Development Goal 3 and National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4). [9] A study has been done to identify the cause of under-five mortality at national, regional, and state levels in India. [10] It has found spatial contours where poverty, infant, under-five mortality, and child malnutrition are clustered. The factor of geographical regions influences child nutrition and infant and under-five mortality in India. [11] In India, around one million babies die every year before completing their 1 st month of life, contributing to one-fourth of the global burden. South-North differences in neonatal mortality exist with the mortality rate higher in North as compared to South India from NFHS-4. [12] The frequent causes of neonatal deaths in India include infections, birth asphyxia, and prematurity. Henceforth, the present study aims to explore Background: The Government of India initiated different programs to reduce neonatal mortality. However, the variability of neonatal deaths occurs among states of India. Objective: This study aimed to identify the differential determinants associated with neonatal deaths in northern and southern regions of India. Materials and Methods: Bivariate analysis and Cox regression analysis have been performed to evaluate the predictors of neonatal mortality from National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) data. Results: For neonatal mortality, mother and child factors became more consistent in the southern region than northern regions of the country, while household factor was almost the same in both regions of India. Conclusions: Primary intervention is also required to reduce public health problem as neonatal mortality. It should be focused on education of mother, birth interval, age at birth, antenatal care, poverty reduction programs, and proper heath facility to pregnant mothers.