Genetic Variability and Antiphytoviral Activity of Wild and Inbred Genotypes of Silybum marianum Varieties (original) (raw)
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Silymarin content in Silybum marianum fruits at different maturity stages
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2013
Silymarin is one of the most investigated plant extracts with known mechanism of action. It is used for oral treatment of toxic liver damage. Silybin, isosilybin, silychristin and silydianin are the main flavonolignan components of silymarin isolated from the fruits of Silybum marianum. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for determination of flavonolignans was developed. The method depended on an isocratic solvent system comprising acetonitrile and water containing 0.5% (v/v) phosphoric acid. The method was used for analysis of the flavonolignans content in the fruits of S. marianum at different maturity stages. A correlation between fruits color, maturity stage and silymarin content is demonstrated.
Analysis of silymarin in the seeds of white and blue capitulum of Silybum marianum plants
African Journal of …, 2011
Silybum marianum is a wild medicinal plant containing silymarin, which is a known drug, used as the hepatoprotective agent. S. marianum growing in different areas of NWFP were collected and analyzed for the silymarin and oil contents. In all the samples analyzed for the silymarin, high yield was found in the sample collected from Swat district (3.85%) while high yield of oil was recorded in the sample collected from Kohat district (27.87%). The rest of samples for silymarin contents were found between 2.98 to 3.85% while the oil contents were found to be between 11 to 27.87%. Both the yield of silymarin and oil contents found in all the samples depend on the environment in which the plants were grown and the environmental conditions affecting both the contents of silymarin and oil of this highly medicinal plant. The analysis is of particular importance for collecting this medicinal plant for silymarin content and utilization in the pharmaceuticals.
Quantitative identification of total silymarin in wild Silybum marianum L. by using HPLC
International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 2018
Silymarin, a mixture of flavonolignans exhibiting many pharmacological activities, is obtained from the fruits of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertner). In this study, we measured the levels of total silymarin in the seeds of Silybum marianum from four different locations in Syria. Using high performance liquid chromatography. Results showed that, Silymarin concentrations varied according to the geographical location. Total silymarin concentrations in seeds ranged between 0.54 % and 2.91% dry weight. Significant differences in silymarin concentrations were found between various sampling locations as determined by LSD test at P
Distribution of Silymarin in the Fruit of Silybum marianum L
Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta, 2016
The fruit of Silybum marianum or milk thistle is known for its rich contents of flavonlignan compounds known as silymarin. Silymarin has been recognized for centuries as "liver tonics" and is well known to prevent or reverse hepatotoxicity. Silymarin is usually extracted from the defatted fruits in methanol in a yield of less than 2%. Fluorescent microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, accurate mass spectrometry as well as infra-red and Raman spectroscopy were used for mapping silymarin in the fruit. Silymarin was found to be only located in the pericarp section of the fruit. Extraction of silymarin from the pericarp gave higher yields of more than 6% and did not require defatting.
2016
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn., Asteraceae) is an annual or biennial, broadleaf plant native in North African and Mediterranean with highly valued medicinal properties. The active principle in S. marianumis silymarin; which is an isomeric mixture of flavonolignans is used in pharmaceutical industries. Silymarin is the most commonly used herbal product for chronic liver disease and may also be beneficial for reducing the chances for developing certain cancers. Due to a growing demand for silymarin, it is justifiable to investigate ways to optimized production of it. Spiny leaves and flowers of the Milk thistle make difficult traditional agriculture of this plant; also the total average daily air temperature from the formation of inflorescence shoots to the milk thistle harvest has a significant effect on silymarin content. Thus ‘In vitro’ culture of cells and tissues may offer an alternative for the production of silymarin. Efforts were carried out to isolate flavanolignan...
Determination of Silybin B in the Different Parts of Silybum marianum using HPLC-UV
Natural Product Sciences
− Silymarin is the standardized extract from Silybum marianum which consists mainly of flavonoids and polyphenols. It is highly regarded for its hepatoprotective ability. Silybin B is a flavonolignan and one of the active components of silymarin. The content of silybin B in various parts of S. marianum was analyzed by HPLC-UV. Results show that the extract of seeds contain the highest amount of silybin B (7.434 mg/g DW). The petioles of S. marianum showed a low content of silybin B. This study revealed that seeds of S. marianum contain high amount of silybin B and could be a good source of the compound.
Linear regression analysis of silychristin A, silybin A and silybin B contents in Silybum marianum
Natural Product Research, 2018
Quantitative correlations between the contents of the flavonolignans silychristin A and silybins A/B provide biosynthetic clues that support a pathway in which one mesomeric form of a taxifolin radical is undergoing an oxidative coupling with a coniferyl alcohol radical. The flavonolignan content and patterns reported in the literature for 53 samples, representing populations of the Silybum marianum plant growing in different parts of the world, were subject to a meta-analysis. Linear regression analyses were carried out on these data sets, and a mathematical model was derived that predicts the content of silychristin A relative to the metabolomic pattern of its congeners. The validity of the model was verified by applying it to test samples. This approach could potentially become a tool to enhance the understanding of both the relative composition of the silymarin complex and the biosynthetic pathways that underlie its formation.
Effects of light regimes on in vitro seed germination and silymarin content in Silybum marianum
Industrial Crops and Products, 2013
Silybum marianum is an economically important crop worldwide. It is renowned for production of biologically important silymarin. Average sale of silymarin is about US$ 8 billion/annum and its demand varies from 18 to 20 tons/year. Despite of its demand, there is lack of research efforts on cultivation and improvement of this plant. We hereby established feasible seed germination protocol for production of healthier and chemically consistent plantlets. Combination of benzyladenine (BA, 0.5 mg l −1 ) + gibberellic acid (GA 3 , 1.5 mg l −1 ) + thidiazuron (TDZ, 1.0 mg l −1 ) produced optimum germination frequency in seeds kept in 2 weeks dark and subsequently transferred to 2 weeks light (16 h photoperiod) conditions. Correlation among mean shoot length, mean root length, set of antioxidative enzyme activities was also observed in current report. Silymarin was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Considerable amount of silymarin (5.48 mg −1 DW) was detected in our study, which was comparative to other reports available. Antioxidant activity (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; FRSA) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity was also determined. Silymarin content had shown direct relationship with these activities. It showed that silymarin was a major antioxidant in current report. This study provides basis for expedited production of S. marianum plantlets with feasible content of silymarin.
Molecular and Phytochemical Characterization of Some Silybum Landraces Grown in Egypt
A total of 20 random primers were evaluated for their ability to prime PCR amplification of 12 Silybum genotypes in a preliminary survey using genomic DNA of plants from each genotype. RAPD analysis revealed 128 scorable bands from two primers, including 36 (28.125%) polymorphic bands. The band pattern revealed differences between the collected genotypes. Certain band changes were found in Romanin genotype plants and between Egyptian genotypes, suggesting the existence of genetic variation which might affect the biochemical synthesis of the different genotypes tested in this study. The results of HPLC analyses for the different genotypes, revealed that the highest content of silychristin, Silydianin, Silybinin (A, B) and total silymarin were detected in samples collected from Romanian genotype cultivated in Egypt, Desert road of Alexandria genotype Kafr El-Sheikh genotype and Bani-sewaf genotype, respectively. The lowest content of silychristin, Silydianin, Silybinin (A, B) and total silymarin were found in samples collected from Desert road of Alexandria genotype where silychristin was absent, agricultural road of Alexandria genotype where Silydianin was absent, desert road of Alexandria genotype and Romania genotype, respectively. The results of this study confirmed that the differences in geographical locations and the genetic variation between silybum genotypes have a great effect in their RAPD fingerprints and contents of silymarin.
Fitoterapia, 2018
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn (Asteraceae) is a valuable medicinal plant utilized for silymarin production. However, only fragmentary and contradictory information about silymarin localization within S. marianum fruit are available. In this work, a twofold research approach was adopted in order to investigate the distribution and quantification of silymarin and of other phenolic compounds within the different fruit regions (pericarp, seed integument, cotyledon). Two S. marianum wild accessions with contrasting silymarin chemotype (A and B) and a mutant line (C) with an altered fruit colour were analysed. Fruits of Cynara cardunculus were studied as a reference. Firstly, the fruit morpho-anatomy was reviewed by means of light microscopy digital imaging and, secondly, a comprehensive histolocalization of the different classes of polyphenols within the fruit was carried out. The experimental evidences confirmed that silymarin, and its precursor taxifolin, are only accumulated in the see...