Altered breast milk components in preeclampsia; An in-vitro proton NMR spectroscopy study (original) (raw)
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Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 2014
Objective: To investigate changes in global metabolic profile between: 1 -breast milk and formula milk, 2 -breast milk from mothers delivering at different gestational age (GA) collected within one week from delivery, and then week by week until term equivalent age. Methods: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to analyze the watersoluble and lipid fractions extracted from 50 milk samples, 46 human milk at different GA, from 23 weeks of gestation until term equivalent age and four different formula milks. Results: The formula milk for premature infants was the most similar to breast milk of preterm babies. Breast milk showed higher lactose concentrations than formula milk, that conversely presented higher galactose 1-phosphate and maltose concentrations. Mother's milk of very preterm babies (23-25 wks of GA) showed a different metabolic profile from preterm infants !29 wks of GA with a subsequent trend to similarity around the 30th week of post-natal age. Breast milk from preterm infants of 29-34 wks, collected up to 40 wks of post-natal age showed a temporal change over the first three weeks of lactation, approaching to zero with the achievement of term age. Conclusions: Metabolome is a promising tool to study human and artificial milk global metabolic profile.
Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 2012
The aim of the present study was to investigate the metabolic profile of preterm human breast milk (HBM) by using a metabolomic approach. Methods: NMR spectroscopy and GC/ MS were used to analyze the water-soluble and lipid fractions extracted from milk samples obtained from mothers giving birth at 26-36 weeks of gestation. For the sake of comparison, preterm formula milk was also studied. Results: The multivariate statistical analysis of the data evidenced biochemical variability both between preterm HBM and commercial milk and within the group of HBM samples. Conclusions: The preliminary results of this study suggest that metabolomics may provide a promising tool to study aspects related to the nutrition and health of preterm infant.
Preeclampsia alters milk neurotrophins and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 2014
Objective: To examine the levels of breast milk neurotrophins 1.5, 3.5, and 6 months of lactation and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) at day 3, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 6 months of lactation in mothers with preeclampsia and compare them with normotensive women. Their associations with growth parameters in children are also examined. Methods: Women with preeclampsia (n = 101) and normotensive women (n = 144) with singleton pregnancies were recruited for this study. Milk samples were collected and anthropometry was recorded at the first 6 months. The LCPUFA composition of milk samples was analyzed by using gas chromatography at all time points and neurotrophins were analyzed at 1.5, 3.5 and 6 months by Emax Immuno Assay System using Promega kits. Results: Milk DHA levels were higher at day 3 (9.5%), and 1.5 (23%) and 3.5 (40%) months in mothers with preeclampsia as compared to controls. Milk nerve growth factor (NGF) levels were lower in preeclampsia group as compared to control group at 1.5 (20%) and 3.5 months (27.7%). Milk brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were lower at 1.5 months (10.5%) in the preeclampsia group as compared to control group. Conclusion: The present study suggests that there is a differential regulation of DHA and neurotrophins in breast milk in preeclampsia and are associated with growth parameters of children. Future studies should explore the associations between milk LCPUFA, neurotrophins with neurodevelopment in children.
Human Milk Analyser shows that the lactation period affects protein levels in preterm breastmilk
Acta Paediatrica, 2016
This study measured the composition of preterm human breastmilk, particularly the protein content, with the MIRIS Human Milk Analyser, compared our results with published values and determined the relationship between protein content and lactation period. Methods: We analysed 83 samples of 24-hour pooled human milk from 76 mothers who delivered preterm infants weighing under 1500 g at less than 32 weeks of gestational age. The milk's protein, fat and energy were measured by the MIRIS Human Milk Analyser and compared to reference values. The relationship between protein content and lactation period was quantified. Results: On average, the samples contained 1.1 AE 0.37 g (0.2-2.2 g) of protein, 3.2 AE 0.85 g (range 1.1-6.1 g) of fat, 6.6 AE 0.34 g of lactose (5.5-8.0 g) and 60 AE 11 kcal (39-94 kcal) of energy per 100 mL. The wide variations in macronutrient content were not influenced by the gestational age of the infant and the lactation day results from 70 of the mothers correlated inversely with the protein content (p < 0.0001; r = À0.42). The MIRIS proved useful, but some adjustments are needed. Conclusion: Variations in macronutrients were high in the breastmilk of women who delivered preterm babies and the protein content decreased with lactation. With adjustments, the MIRIS might provide a helpful tool for individualised fortification.
Exploring human breast milk composition by NMR-based metabolomics
Natural Product Research, 2014
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Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation, 2014
Background . Modern metabolomic profi ling has not yet been applied to human breastfeeding research. A common reason for breastfeeding cessation is perceived insuffi cient milk production. We investigated broad biochemical profi les in maternal urine collected during and after pregnancy to identify biomarkers related to reduced reported breastfeeding. Methods . Fasting urine was collected at three consultations (visit V1: gestational week 8 -20; V2: week 28 Ϯ 2; V3: 10 -16 weeks postpartum) in the STORK Groruddalen program, a prospective, multiethnic cohort study of gestational diabetes involving healthy, pregnant women in Oslo, Norway, and analyzed using NMR spectroscopy. Breastfeeding at V3 was recorded in three categories: Exclusively breastfeeding ( n ϭ 326), partially breastfeeding ( n ϭ 156) and formula feeding ( n ϭ 67). Results . Five metabolites were relevant to breastfeeding. Lactose was detected at V1 and increased to 0.1 mM/mM creatinine at V2. Postpartum excretion at V3 was signifi cantly higher in exclusively breastfeeding women than partially or non-breastfeeding (median ϭ 0.29, 0.23 and 0.04 mM/mM creatine, respectively; ANOVA p -value ϭ 2e -70). Glycine excretion at V3 (0.12, 0.10 and 0.06, respectively; p ϭ 2e -5) and at V2 were associated with breastfeeding (0.34, 0.33 and 0.26, respectively; p ϭ 4e -5). Creatine and two unidentifi ed substances also correlated with breastfeeding. NMR metabolomics found no other metabolites differing between categories during pregnancy (V1, V2), and did not predict individual breastfeeding postpartum (V3). Conclusion . Decreased glycine excretion at V2 may indicate diffi culties meeting the metabolic demands of the growing fetus, but urine profi les contained otherwise little indication of early adaptations during pregnancy towards reduced biological potential to breastfeed.
The Journal of nutrition, 2015
Human milk is the gold standard of nutrition for infants, providing both protective and essential nutrients. Although much is known about milk from mothers giving birth to term infants, less is known about milk from mothers giving birth to premature infants. In addition, little is known about the composition and diversity of small molecules in these milks and how they change over the first month of lactation. The objective was to understand how milk metabolites vary over the first month of lactation in mothers giving birth to term and preterm infants. (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics was used to characterize metabolites that were present in micromolar to molar concentrations in colostrum (day 0-5 postpartum), transition milk (day 14), and mature milk (day 28) from mothers who delivered term (n = 15) and preterm (n = 13) infants. Principal components analysis, linear mixed-effects models (LMMs), and linear models (LMs) were used to explore the relation between infan...
Journal of Dairy Science, 2010
Milk production in dairy cows has dramatically increased over the past few decades. The selection for higher milk yield affects the partitioning of available nutrients, with more energy being allocated to milk synthesis and less to physiological processes essential to fertility and fitness. In this study, the abundance of numerous milk metabolites in early and late lactation was systematically investigated, with an emphasis on metabolites related to energy metabolism. The aim of the study was the identification and correlation of milk constituents to the metabolic status of the cows. To investigate the influence of lactation stage on physiological and metabolic variables, 2 breeds of different productivity were selected for investigation by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We could reliably quantify 44 different milk metabolites. The results show that biomarkers such as acetone and β-hydroxybutyrate are clearly correlated to the metabolic status of the individual cows during early lactation. Based on these data, the selection of cows that cope well with the metabolic stress of early lactation should become an option. . Correlation between lactation day and phosphocholine concentration (mmol/L) for milk specimens from farm 1 (top) and farm 2 (bottom) as measured by 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. To clarify the general trend of the data, a potential regression line was added.
Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis of Human Milk from Mothers of Preterm Infants
Nutrients, 2021
The application of metabolomics in neonatology offers an approach to investigate the complex relationship between nutrition and infant health. Characterization of the metabolome of human milk enables an investigation into nutrients that affect the neonatal metabolism and identification of dietary interventions for infants at risk of diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). In this study, we aimed to identify differences in the metabolome of breast milk of 48 mothers with preterm infants with NEC and non-NEC healthy controls. A minimum significant difference was observed in the human milk metabolome between the mothers of infants with NEC and mothers of healthy control infants. However, significant differences in the metabolome related to fatty acid metabolism, oligosaccharides, amino sugars, amino acids, vitamins and oxidative stress-related metabolites were observed when comparing milk from mothers with control infants of ≤1.0 kg birth weight and >1.5 kg birth weight. U...