Estimation of energy recovery potential of sewage sludge in India: Waste to watt approach (original) (raw)
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Assessing the Energy Values of Sewage Sludge from Pagla Sewage Treatment Plant
The wastewater treatment process gives sewage sludge as a byproduct. The traditional practice of Sludge management utilizes the method of landfilling.According to the Dhaka Structure Plan 2016-2035 by RAJUK, DWASA operates only one Sewage treatment plant at Pagla (PSTP), about 8 km from the city, onan area of 110.5 ha. It was originally constructed in 1978.The plant provides treatment of thewastewater collected by the central sewerage system. PSTP has design capacity of 120 MLD (peak flow rate)while the current sewage generated within the catchment served by the centralized seweragesystem is approximately 250-300 MLD and is expected to be 500 MLD in the near future. This makes landfilling only a temporary expensive solution since finding the space to dispose of such large amounts of sludge from PSTP along with the other proposed STP projects in or around Dhaka city is an impossible task. Thus, the approach of energy generation from sewage sludge through thermal combustion may provide a viable option providing the opportunity for dual benefits, namely, energy generation as well as sludge management. In this paper, experimental as well as theoretical methods along with an extensive study of literature have been used to estimate the energy value of the sewage sludge generated at PSTP. ASTM D2015 method using bomb calorimeter to determine the energy value of excreta has been followed.Energy content measurements indicate that the energy value of the sewage sludge generated at the PSTP found to be 2.1MJ/kg,which is far too low for it to be used as fuel alone. However, there may be scope for increased level of energy generation through co-combustion of sludge with coal.
Characterization of fecal sludge as biomass feedstock in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu
Gates Open Research, 2018
Transformative sanitation technologies aim to treat fecal sludge Background (FS) by thermal processes and recover resources from it. There is a paucity of data describing the relevant properties of FS as viable feedstock for thermal treatment in major geographical target areas, such as India. : This study characterized FS collected from septic tanks in two cities Methods located in the Indian southern state of Tamil Nadu. FS samples were obtained at the point of discharge from trucks in Tiruppur (n=85 samples) and Coimbatore (n=50 samples). Additionally, biosolids obtained from sewage treatment plants (STP) in the cities of Coimbatore and Madurai were characterized. Proximate and ultimate analysis as conducted by the fuel industry was carried out. The average higher heating value (HHV) across all FS samples in Results: Tiruppur (13.4 MJ/kg) was much higher than the value for FS in Coimbatore (5.4 MJ/kg), which was partially attributed to the high ash content of 69% in the latter samples. The HHV in the biosolids samples ranged between 10 and 12.2 MJ/Kg. The average total solids (TS) content for FS was 3.3% and 2.0% for Tiruppur and Coimbatore respectively, while the median TS content for the two cities was 2.3% and 1.2%. The heavy metal content of the ash was found to be below the thresholds for land disposal. This is one of the first studies that has systematically Conclusions: characterized fecal sludge in cities in India and determined its calorific content. We expect these data to serve as input data in the design of thermal processes for fecal sludge treatment.
Water Practice and Technology, 2020
Non-sewer sanitation systems are widely implemented for treatment and management of faecal sludge (FS) and septage in developing nations. India became an open defecation free (ODF) country in 2019, with more than 90 million toilets at rural and urban level constructed to achieve this ODF status. Government of India also initiated a faecal sludge and septage management (FSSM) policy in 2017. This paper highlights the policy vision for the state of Rajasthan and predicts options for a safely managed sanitation system through exploring the fuel potential of faecal sludge generated in the city. The intended study is an attempt to valorize faecal sludge into a marketable product through determining the heat capacity of dried faecal sludge from different sources such as pit toilets, septic tanks etc. In the present work in urban Jaipur, which is already a water scarce city, various onsite sanitation systems were targeted to collect FS samples from different locations. It was observed that the FS generated has a high heating value of 13.96 MJ/kg, with total solids ranges from 7 to 9%. For a pragmatic resource recovery option, the experimental data observed is validated with a literature review.
Energy and carbon footprint of sewage treatment methods
The paper presents energy and carbon footprints of sewage treatment plants (STPs) operating at different scales and using different technology options based on primary data from 50 STPs operating in India and the UK. The study used a combination of fundamental mass-balance approach for energy consumption and the methodology defined by IPCC for the carbon emissions. Small-scale institutional STPs consume twelve times the energy consumed by large-scale municipal STPs, the corresponding energy intensities being 4.87 kWh/m 3 and 0.40 kWh/m 3 respectively. Embodied energy from construction material and chemicals accounted for 46% and 33% of the total energy intensity of the municipal and institutional STPs respectively. The average carbon footprint of large-scale STPs is 0.78 kgCO 2 eq/m 3 and for small-scale STPs it is 3.04 kgCO 2 eq/m 3 . However, fugitive emissions from large-scale STPs constituted 74% of the total carbon emissions whereas the figure was only 0.05% for small-scale STPs. Average electrical energy intensity in STPs in India is much lower (0.14 kWh/m 3 ) than that in the UK (0.46 kWh/m 3 ). This is due to the reason that STPs in India do not have resource recovery processes and use solar heat for sludge drying. The paper offers information and insights for designing low carbon strategies for urban waste infrastructure.
Energy Recovery from Sewage Sludge: The Case Study of Croatia
Energies
Croatia produced 21,366 tonnes of dry matter (DM) sewage sludge (SS) in 2016, a quantity expected to surpass 100,000 tonnes DM by 2024. Annual production rates for future wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in Croatia are estimated at 5.8–7.3 Nm3/people equivalent (PE) for biogas and 20–25 kgDM/PE of sewage sludge. Biogas can be converted into 12–16 kWhel/PE of electricity and 19–24 kWhth/PE of heat, which is sufficient for 30–40% of electrical and 80–100% of thermal autonomy. The WWTP autonomy can be increased using energy recovery from sewage sludge incineration by 60% for electricity and 100% of thermal energy (10–13 kWhel/PE and 30–38 kWhth/PE). However, energy for sewage sludge drying exceeds energy recovery, unless solar drying is performed. The annual solar drying potential is estimated between 450–750 kgDM/m2 of solar drying surface. The lower heating value of dried sewage sludge is 2–3 kWh/kgDM and this energy can be used for assisting sludge drying or for energy generation ...
Waste to Energy Sewage Treatment Plant Delawas Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, a Case Study
2014
Power consumption accounts for almost 75% of the expenditure on O and M of any sewage treatment plant working on aerobic biological process. STP Delawas, Jaipur based on conventional activated sludge process was commissioned by RUIDP in 2006 with a capacity of 62.5 MLD. The average daily power consumption for operation of STP is 8576 Kwh, which amounted to an electricity bill of more than 1.2 million per month prior to the installation of power generation unit based on biogas fuel. Apart from power generation, energy saving measures taken for the plant operations has resulted in substantial saving in the energy costs. Air blowers are being operated with Variable Frequency Drive (VFD). Man Machine Interface (MMI) is provided through Programmable Logic Control System (PLC) for handling anaerobic sludge digesters that produce about 5800-6500 Nm 3 of gas per day, which is being utilized for power generation. An analysis of three year data shows that the maximum power generated was about...
ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM THE SLUDGE OF A SEWAGE TREATMENT STATION (Atena Editora)
ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM THE SLUDGE OF A SEWAGE TREATMENT STATION (Atena Editora), 2022
The world population grows exponentially, and Brazil is no different. Thus, we increasingly need natural resources; and, as a consequence, there is an increase in waste production. Brazil, a few years ago, developed its National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS) through Law No. 12,305/10, where, regardless of its origin, solid waste must be disposed of properly, minimizing possible environmental damage; while CONAMA Resolution 375/06 already defined the proper disposal of sewage sludge to protect the environment and the health of the population. However, some of these residues have a significant energy value in their reuse, as is the case of urban sewage sludge. In this context, the present work aimed to evaluate the production of biogas energy from the sludge of a Sewage Treatment Station (ETE). Therefore, the collection and characterization of the sludge from the ETE was carried out by measuring pH, electrical conductivity, determination of total solids, fixed and volatile, determination of chemical and biochemical oxygen demand. The anaerobic digestion process with control of pH, temperature, pressure and mechanical agitation was carried out for 25 days, with an expressive generation of biogas being observed. Therefore, this residue, as biomass for energy production, proved to be an alternative with considerable energy potential, in addition to being an option for the proper disposal of solid waste and environmentally sustainable.
An experimental examination of energy production from domestic-based waste water treatment sludge
World Journal of Engineering, 2015
In Turkey, treatment sludge that obtained from domestic wastewater and water treatment plants causes storage and disposal problems. In the current situation, there are 69 domestic wastewater treatment plants in Turkey and this corresponds to approximately 13% of the population. Total 500 thousand tons of treatment sludge is released from these treatment plants, annually. In the case of all municipalities establish a wastewater treatment plant in Turkey, approximately, 4 million tons of treatment sludge is projected to release in a year. Additionally, 3.6 million tons of treatment sludge will be obtained from the manufacturing industry. In other words, approximately 7.6 ↔ 106 tons of treatment sludge potential exists in Turkey and in the same amount of the storage area (7.6 ↔106m3) is needed for the storage of this treatment sludge, perennially. In this study, energy production from wastewater treatment sludge through the anaerobic method has been investigated and compared to the aer...
Sewage sludge energy recycling
Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S = Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna. S
Development of wastewater treatment systems causes a systematic growth of the amount of sewage sludge. In 1999, about 350 000 Mg d.m. sludge was generated in Poland, and for the year 2010 this amount is predicted to be doubled. Agricultural application of sludges, in particular these coming from wastewater treatment plants in big cities, is very controversial because of a growing content of heavy metals, organic micropollutants and pathogens. The binding legal conditions cause that also sludge disposal will be limited in the nearest future. In this situation and increasing interest in thermal methods-sludge energy recycling is expected. In this paper, the most important technologies of drying and incineration of sewage sludge offered on the Polish market are discussed and compared from the point of view of ecological safety and economic and energy indices. Main operation parameters, advantages and disadvantages of these technologies are presented..
Energy recovery potential of urban solid waste of Solan district, H.P, India
Natural Resources Conservation and Research
Energy recovery from waste can provide a safe technologically advanced means of waste disposal that reduces greenhouse gases and generates clean energy. The study describes the characteristics of urban solid waste (USW) produced in five urban areas of the Solan district of Himachal Pradesh as well as its potential for energy recovery and power generation. Physical characterization of the USW generated at the study locations showed high percentages of organic/food waste. The results revealed that the organic fractions were 52.12%, 50.68%, 50.51%, 50.34%, and 49.41% for Arki, Nalagarh, Baddi, Parwanoo and Solan respectively. The energy content of solid waste produced in various urban locations ranged from 11,532.432 to 14,850.416 kJ·kg–1, and the waste is appropriate for energy generation when the heating value of the garbage is at least 6,000 to 7,000 kJ·kg–1. The values of energy recovery potential through biochemical conversion were 959.988 kWh, 933.395 kWh, 930.269 kWh, 927.111 kW...