The Emergence of State Medicine and Municipal Doctors in the Ottoman Empire : The Medical and Sanitary Organization in Izmir during the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries (original) (raw)
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This article evaluates the establishment of a modern and centralized medicine in terms of creating boundaries between lay practitioners and the new medical staff in the Late Ottoman Empire. These boundaries were produced by the introduction of a legal framework and a new education system. This article intensifies the study on the process of definition of boundaries by a study of documents in the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives. Have these boundaries been effectual in differentiating the traditional from the modern and setting a distinct group of medical actors? The answer to this question is sought by the description of a competitive environment for a multiplicity of actors of the domain of medicine. The article argues that the main problems of the process arose from the insufficient number of physicians and remoteness to the center and did not vanish until the foundation of a settled Muslim Turkish professional body in the 1890s. ÖZ: Bu makale, geç Osmanlı İmparatorluğu döneminde modern ve merkezi tıbbı meslekten olmayan sağlık çalışanları ile yeni ortaya çıkan modern tıbbın uygulayıcılarının arasında tesis edilen sınırlar açısından değerlendirmektedir. Bahsedilen sınırlar yasal çerçeve ve yeni bir eğitim sistemi getirilerek üretilmiştir. Bu makale, Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri'nde belgelerin incelenmesi ile sınırların tanımlanma sürecine ilişkin çalışmayı derinleştirmektedir. Bu sınırlar, gelenekselin modernle arasındaki farkı ayırmada ve medikal aktörlerden oluşan farklı bir grup oluşturulmada etkili midir? Bu sorunun cevabı, tıp alanındaki çok sayıda aktör için rekabet ortamının tanımlanmasıyla aranmaktadır. Makale, sürecin temel sorunlarının yetersiz hekim sayısı ve merkeze olan mesafelerden kaynaklandığını ve bu sorunların 1890'larda yerleşmiş bir Müslüman Türk meslek örgütünün kurulmasına kadar ortadan kalkmadığını iddia etmektedir. Ceren Gülser İlikan-Rasimoğlu, The Foundation of A Professional Group: Physicians in the Nineteenth Century Modernizing Ottoman Empire (1839-1908), Ph.D. Dissertation,
İzmir Demokrasi Üniversitesi II. Uluslararası Beşerî Bilimler Kongresi: Sosyal Bilimler Perspektifinden Salgın Hastalıklar ve Toplumsal Dönüşüm (19-21 Kasım 2021), Tam Metin Bildiri Kitabı, 2021
This study aims at outlining the transformation of the healthcare system and the emergence of the public health in relation to the making of modern state in a long-term historical context from the classical age to the end of the 19th century in the Ottoman Empire. Inspired by the statist-institutionalist approach, it suggests that there is a direct correlation between the emergence of the healthcare system for the general population and the making of the modern state during the reformation age in the empire. However, the study argues that in the late 19th century, the Ottoman State still lacked sufficient capacity for enforcing its new medical policy in its countryside.
Dynamis
This article focuses on how boundaries were created between modern physicians and traditional healers when the modern medical profession was established in the 19th century Ottoman Empire, based on documents from the Ottoman Archives of the Prime Minister’s Office. In the Tanzimat period (1839-1876), the Ottoman elites focused on modifying the education system with the aim of modernizing the institutions of the Empire, and medical education was one of their priorities. The Imperial School of Medicine was inaugurated in 1839, and a series of regulations simultaneously established that only graduates from the modern schools had the right to practice medicine. These regulations detailed the content of the education, the stages to be completed in order to graduate, and the regulation of professional praxis postgraduation. These regulations drew a boundary between the professional and the layman. Their aim was to achieve the domination of certified professionals over the health field, ex...
Female Physicians and Patrons: The Formation of Public Health in the 17-18th century Ottoman Empire
2022
The aim of this dissertation is to reexamine the dominant trend in the history of Ottoman medicine that has dismissed the instrumental role of Ottoman female physicians and patrons in the formation of 17-18 th century public health. Although women were indispensable to administering healthcare in the empire prior to the nineteenth-century institutionalised conception of the term, they are often relegated to a secondary or non-existent role. Thus, I will examine three different paths towards public health that women were central figures in; firstly, as physicians in the Sultan's seraglio; as patrons of medical establishments in the empire; and lastly, as conduits for medical progress in the practice of inoculation which subsequently made its way to Europe. In this dissertation, the long-held misconception in Ottoman medical scholarship that women were inconsequential to the emergence of modern public health will be overturned through a re-conceptualisation of what constituted medicine in the early modern period.
Heliyon, 2020
Histories of medicine and vaccinology routinely reference the Ottoman Empire with regard to Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, her children's variolation, and the transmission of this knowledge throughout Britain and thereafter Europe. Few, however, follow the empire's ongoing relationship with vaccination after the Montagu family's departure. This article examines this aspect of Ottoman medical history by noting how Jenner's advances diffused back into the empire and then presenting and analyzing how imperial, medical, and even community leaders began to both educationally condition the population and gradually enact legislation that mandated vaccination. Owing to severe infrastructural, personnel, and financial deficits, instability, and popular fears and trepidation, the empire's aspirations to achieve universal vaccination were far from realized by the time of its early 1920s demise-especially throughout largely rural Anatolia. Ottoman institutional, educational, and legislative advances, however, collectively prepared the ground for the succeeding Turkish republic and its public health agenda. Given the republic's promotion of its efforts to modernize Turkey amid its mutual initiatives of nationbuilding, the empire's histories of providing this foundation are also sometimes overlooked.
Subsequent to the Sultan's edict of 26 December 1826, an Imperial Medical School was inaugurated as early as January 1827 with the objective of improving the healthcare of the nascent army. Throughout the decades, the Imperial Medical School proved to be instrumental in shaping the trajectory of modern healthcare in the Ottoman Empire and subsequently in the Republic of Turkey. This article focuses on issues such as the establishment of the Imperial Medical School, its edifices, funding and social activities between 1827 and 1876. It draws on Ottoman documents, newspaper notes and journal comments. It argues that the Imperial Medical School had somewhat limited development options following the unfortunate conflagration of the Galatasaray complex, due to its location in buildings that were not entirely suitable for medical instruction. It is possible that the Sublime Porte's decision to repurpose the edifice designed for it may have contributed to this. Nevertheless, the Imperial Medical School remained committed to its public responsibilities, consistently addressing the most pressing health issues faced by the Ottoman society throughout the 1840s-1870s.
Osmanlı Medeniyeti Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2024
Foreign specialists were employed in the Ottoman Empire's health services, particularly during the 18th century onwards. The Ottomans required international cooperation to implement reforms to combat epidemics during the global epidemics of the 19th century. As a result, many foreign physicians joined the Ottoman medicine service. Therefore, numerous foreign physicians began serving with the central health organization in Istanbul and the quarantine units established in the provinces. Some physicians made significant contributions to the Ottoman sanitary administration through their positions, time in Ottoman service, and activities. Dr Bartoletti, who was born in Istanbul in 1808, was one of these specialists. After medical education in Italy, he started his Ottoman service as a quarantine doctor and became a member of the Sanitary Council. He also represented the Ottoman Empire at the international medical conferences held in Paris, Istanbul and Vienna and performed important duties in Ottoman sanitary affairs during his forty-four years of service. By examining Dr Bartoletti's activities between 1840 and 1888, this study aims to contribute to the existing literature on this field.
A Look at the Ottoman Social and Medical Modernization through the Life of Dr. Servicen
2013
This paper aims to analyze the steps in medical modernization at socio-political context during the 19th century Ottoman State by focusing on the life of Dr. Servichen (1815-1897), a professor Medicine at the time in Turkey. At the wake of the social reformation in the Ottoman Empire, Serovpe Vicenian (Servicen) received medical education in Paris and Pisa. On his return to Istanbul in 1843, he became the chief physician at Military Porte Hospital. The modernized School of Medicine provided him a convenient ground where he initiated Forensic Medicine courses in 1846. He could apply chloroform during surgery almost simultaneously with the modern medical centres in Europe. He contributed to the foundation of professional societies such as the Ottoman Red Crescent, the Imperial Society of Medicine, the Gazette Médicale d’Orient. He served for the composition of the Armenian National Constitution in collaboration with his colleagues. Dr. Servichen was in close contact with the Ottoman intellectuals, such as Midhat Pasha (1822-1884) who led the Ottoman constitutional movement. He was among the cadres who installed modern medical education in Turkey during the late Ottoman Empire that was undergoing social change towards modernization during the 19th century. Key Words: History of Medicine, 19th century, Modernization, Medical Education, Ottoman Empire