Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy - Google Docs (original) (raw)
Safiyanu Aminu, 2021
Hydrogen fuel cell technology represents one of the alternative solutions for future clean energy systems. This report reviews the specific characteristics of hydrogen energy, which recommends it as a clean energy to power stationary applications. The aim of review was to provide an overview of the sustainability elements and the potential of using hydrogen as an alternative energy source for stationary applications, and for identifying the possibilities of increasing the share of hydrogen energy in stationary applications, respectively.
Hydrogen in fuel cells: An overview of promotions and demotions
Interdisciplinary Journal of Chemistry
Volume 2(2): 1-6 that actually produces the electricity. However, to produce electricity, the propeller or engine must turn the alternator. In order for a fuel cell to produce power, something must supply it with hydrogen and oxygen. Numerous techniques have been employed to supply the fuel cell with the essential hydrogen and oxygen. Some systems use a "fuel reformer" to extract hydrogen from another fuel source such as propane, and can extract oxygen from the surrounding air. Some systems (in laboratory or industrial settings) are designed to be attached to tanks of pure hydrogen and oxygen. The basic principle of the fuel cell is depicted in the Figure 1. The most fascinating technique of obtaining hydrogen, from a renewable energy viewpoint, is to use "electrolysis" to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, which is afterwards kept in tanks and fed into either end of the fuel cell. The "waste" water produced at the end of the fuel cell process is then fed back into the initial water source. A fuel cell generator set up to electrolyze and re-use water is known as a regenerative fuel cell. Any type of fuel cell could be used in a regenerative system, and the water electrolysis could be powered with wind, solar or hydro energy, resulting in a truly clean power system. Fuel cells can power almost any portable devices that normally use batteries. Fuel cells can also power transportation such as vehiclesm as well as provide supplementary power to traditional transportations.
Hydrogen Energy , Storage, Conversion
This paper focuses the production, storage and use of the hydrogen as an alternative and sustainable energy storage. It would be a good and sustainable solution to intermittency problem of renewable energy. Wind and solar e nergy plants are generating immense energy, but the main issue is to deliver that energy to the grid power demand. Transportation of the energy is compelling and costly industry and hydrogen would be a solution to distribute the necessary energy to demanded regions. This project will include subtopics such as; specifics of hydrogen in terms of energy, converting electricity into hydrogen: electrolysis, hydrogen production, hydrogen storage, hydrogen re-electrification, application of hydrogen energy, hydrogen fuel for vehicles and future of hydrogen. Hydrogen is the most promising energy resource since it creates zero-emission. When comparing Hydrogen gas to any other fuel sources, it has the largest energy content. Hydrogen provides us to produce electricity all the time and due to this reason, it is better than wind and solar energy.
Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Vehicles
Fuel cell vehicles should be further improved. Key issues are cost reduction; higher power density of the primary energy converter, the fuel cell; wider operation ranges and improvement of operation parameters, e.g. higher operation temperature and starting ability in freezing conditions. Using advanced materials and construction principles is a key factor by meeting these requirements. The paper gives a short introduction to the technology of fuel cell vehicles and the most prominent fuel cell type for traction applications, the polymer-electrolyte-membrane fuel cell (PEFC). Progress in material development of a core component of the PEFC, the bipolar plate is described. In the second part of the paper some ideas are presented, in which way material research could help to enable suitable on-board storages for hydrogen. Namely, a new approach to design compressed gas storages and new developments in materials for solid state hydrogen storage are brought to attention..
A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through an electrochemical reaction of hydrogen-containing fuel with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Fuel cells are different from batteries in requiring a continuous source of fuel and oxygen (usually from air) to sustain the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery the chemical energy comes from chemicals already present in the battery. Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as fuel and oxygen are supplied. The first fuel cells were invented in 1838. The first commercial use of fuel cells came more than a century later in NASA space programs to generate power for satellites and space capsules. Since then, fuel cells have been used in many other applications. Fuel cells are used for primary and backup power for commercial, industrial and residential buildings and in remote or inaccessible areas. They are also used to power fuel cell vehicles, including forklifts, automobiles, buses, boats, motorcycles and submarines Working It has two electrodes where the reactions take place and an electrolyte which carries the charged particles from one electrode to the other. In order for a fuel cell to work, it needs hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). The hydrogen enters the fuel cell at the anode. A chemical reaction strips the hydrogen molecules of their electrons and the atoms become ionized to form H +. The electrons travel through wires to provide a current to do work. The oxygen enters at the cathode, usually from the air. The oxygen picks up the electrons that have completed their circuit. The oxygen then combines with the ionized hydrogen atoms (H +), and water (H2O) is formed as the waste product which exits the fuel cell. The electrolyte plays an essential role as well. It only allows the appropriate ions to pass between the anode and cathode. If other ions were allowed to flow between the anode and cathode, the chemical reactions within the cell would be disrupted. The reaction in a single fuel cell typically produces only about 0.7 volts. Therefore, fuel cells are usually stacked or connected in some way to form a fuel cell system that can be used in cars, generators, or other products that require power. The reactions involved in a fuel cell are as follows: Anode side (an oxidation reaction): 2H2 => 4H + + 4e-Cathode side (a reduction reaction): O2 + 4H + + 4e-=> 2H2O Net reaction (the "redox" reaction) The purpose of a fuel cell is to produce an electrical current that can be directed outside the cell to do work, such as powering an electric motor or illuminating a light bulb or a city. Because of the way electricity behaves, this current returns to the fuel cell, completing an electrical circuit. (To learn more about electricity and electric power, visit "Throw The Switch" on the Smithsonian website Powering a Generation of Change.) The chemical reactions that produce this current are the key to how a fuel cell works. There are several kinds of fuel cells, and each operates a bit differently. But in general terms, hydrogen atoms enter a fuel cell at the anode where a chemical reaction strips them of their electrons. The hydrogen atoms are now "ionized," and carry a positive electrical charge. The negatively charged electrons provide the current through wires to do work. If alternating current (AC) is needed, the DC output of the fuel cell must be routed through a conversion device called an inverter.
Now a day's fuel cell is gaining wide importance in electrical sectors the entire world over. The electrochemical devices convert the chemical energy contained in a wide variety of fuels directly into electric energy. The electrical efficiency, of fuel cells system can be around 60%, a value that is nearly twice the efficiency of conventional internal combustion engines. The different types of fuels are used in fuel cells such as a natural gas, propane, landfill gas, diesel, methanol and hydrogen. This versatility ensures that the fuel cell will not become obsolete due to unavailability of certain fuels. The fuel cell is known connected to electrical power system and result are simulated through MATLAB/SIMULINK Software.
As a result of the developments known by the world in recent years And after the Industrial revolution, A collective awareness Of the need to protect and sustain this environment has emerged, Mainly due to climate change, The increase in greenhouse gas emissions and the depletion of fossil natural resources (oil, natural gas, coal, etc.),All these difficulties lead us to think of improving the existing solutions, As well as to look for cleaner alternatives such as renewable energies for the satisfaction of the growing demand of energy needs and at the same time respond the climatic requirements at once.But the difficulty of this latter must be overcome, it's the ability of storing efficiently the Energy produced in the form of electricity in clean and renewable energy production sites such as (wind, photovoltaic,…) So that it can be used as needed.It can't be stored directly, therefore it is necessary to convert electricity into storable and removable energy. The principle is to store energy from renewable sources via an electrolyser, which converts electricity into hydrogen and oxygen during low consumption hours. This energy is returned to the grid via a fuel cell (which converts hydrogen and oxygen back into electricity) during periods of high consumption, especially when intermittent renewable energy sites don't produce anymore, in this perspective the energy vector Hydrogen remains one of the best promising solutions, and One of the most attractive tracks at the moment Thanks to its energy and environmental qualities, to store energy.
Hydrogen as Energy Sources—Basic Concepts
Energies
This paper covers the hydrogen technologies regarding the role of hydrogen as an energy carrier and the possibilities of its production and use. It is initially presented the modalities and the efficiency of the current technologies of obtaining hydrogen, detailing its obtaining by the electrolysis of the water, the electrochemical efficiency and the specific consumption of electricity as well as the thermodynamics of the electrochemical processes. The following paragraph addresses hydrogen conversion possibilities. This paragraph details the thermodynamic analysis of the fuel cell, the external characteristic of the fuel cell and the types of fuel cell. The last paragraph addresses the possibilities of using the fuel cells for electrical vehicles and cogeneration systems for buildings.In this context, the traditional transport and distribution grid will have to adapt to the new realities as they will need to actively participate in the internal energy market by the transformation o...