Women at the Gates: Gender and Industry in Stalin's Russia. By Wendy Z. Goldman (New York, Cambridge University Press, 2002) 294 pp. 60.00cloth60.00 cloth 60.00cloth23.00 paper (original) (raw)

WOMEN IN EMPLOYMENT: FROM TRADITION TO MODERNITY

It was not until 1767 that New England's girls were granted the right to receive tax-supported schooling . However, parents were not obliged to send their daughters to school. Besides, the lack of education and personal freedom, most women confronted with big family sizes, for example, seven children were not a rarity .

Women in the Polish Industry — Employment Numbers and Structure in the Years 1945-1956

Studia Historiae Oeconomicae, 2019

The first decade of the Polish People’s Republic (PPR) saw a radical increase in the number of workers employed in the industry. Many of the new workers were women, whose situation on the job market was much more dynamic than men’s. New staff was mainly recruited from the rural population. Workers were poorly educated and had little work experience, which begs a question regarding the economic rationale behind this process. Some of the new employees could actually be included in the category of “hidden unemployment”. Their marginal productivity equaled zero, which means that their work had no actual impact on the gross national income. Furthermore, such “unemployment at work” negatively impacts morale and work quality, leads to increased staff turnover, and essentially prevents workers from improving their financial situation. Considering the poorer socio-demographic characteristics of women compared to men, one can pose the thesis that the rate of needless employment was significan...

From Mill Town to Board Room: The Rise of Women's Paid Labor

Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2000

The widespread participation of women in paid labor outside of the home and in the highest echelons of society would have been unheard of a century ago. This paper documents this dramatic change in women's social and economic status and argues that it was determined both by contemporaneous demand factors and by the characteristics, expectations, and social norms regarding work and family of different cohorts of women. History suggests that change in women's labor force experiences may be slow because it must await the entry of new cohorts of women (and also of men) into the labor market.

Inequalities at Work: The Gender Division of Labour in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

Studies in Political Economy, 1990

rologue This article was written before the recent political upheavals and changes in the Soviet Union and almost all of the countries of Eastern Burope.! It was prepared before movements for economic reform, centred on creating a market economy, emerged in most of these countries, although the tendency has been present in at least Hungary for some time. Nevertheless, these changes have not rendered irrelevant the material presented here about the status of women's employment in the ex-'Sovietstyle' societies, which now might best be labelled 'transitional societies'. Careful analysis of gender relations, with respect to labour force segmentation and state policies is now even more necessary. In the future it will be crucial to watch for any new effects on women's employment of the social and labour market policies developed in the postwar years and to assess whether the discriminatory effects of specific measures taken 'for women' will continue under the new circumstances. Finally, we must continue to pay attention to the ways in which gender inequalities are affected by the processes of economic restructuring now underway, particularly as the unemployment which everyone predicts becomes the new reality.

Perestroika" and Women Workers

Canadian Woman Studies, 1989

early half the workers in Soviet industry, and a quarter of those in construction and transport, are women. Although many of the basic problems facing Soviet women workers are common to all Soviet women, this article will limit itself to a brief discussion of some aspects of the situation of women as workers and to the impact thatperestroika has had, and is likely to have, on it.