Sorghum diseases in Eritrea - a survey report (original) (raw)
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Prevalence, incidence, and severity of sorghum diseases in western Kenya
Plant disease, 2002
Ngugi, H. K., King, S. B., Abayo, G. O., and Reddy, Y. V. R. 2002. Prevalence, incidence, and severity of sorghum diseases in western Kenya. Plant Dis. 86:65-70.
Sorghum diseases and their management in cultivation: seedling, seed, panicle and foliar diseases
Burleigh Dodds series in agricultural science, 2018
A survey was conducted in 2014 to determine the prevalence of fungal diseases on sorghum across different agroecological zones in Tanzania and Uganda. In Tanzania, 37 sorghum fields were sampled in Dodoma and Singida Provinces, representing the central drier areas, and in Simiyu, Shinyanga, Mwanza, and Mara Provinces, representing the lake-zone region. In Uganda, 134 fields were sampled across four agroecological zones of Teso, Western, Northern, and West Nile. Farmers were purposively selected, and at least 30 plants per field along two diagonal transects were visually assessed for disease. Ten and 14 diseases were identified in Tanzania and Uganda, respectively. Among the major diseases identified, those more prevalent in Tanzania than in Uganda were leaf blight caused by Setosphaeria turcica (P = 0.0031) and rust caused by Puccinia purpurea (P < 0.0001). Major diseases more prevalent in Uganda than in Tanzania were anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum sublineola (P = 0.0207) and zonate leaf spot caused by Gloeocercospora sorghi (P = 0.0312). We report for the first time the occurrence of ladder leaf spot caused by Cercospora fusimaculans in Uganda and confirm its occurrence in Tanzania. This is the first comprehensive sorghum disease survey report in over 15 years in both countries. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is an important crop utilized for food and brewing alcohol in Tanzania and Uganda. In Tanzania, the crop is mainly grown in Dodoma, Singida, Shinyanga, Mwanza, and Mara Provinces, which fall in the central, western, and lakezone regions of the country (Monyo et al. 2004; Rowhani et al. 2011). Improved varieties such as Lulu, Pato, Macia, Serena, and Tegemeo are liked by farmers, who cite early maturity and drought tolerance as important traits (Monyo et al. 2004); however, landraces are still planted (Table 1). Interestingly, over the past few years, the net change of area under production and the annual production have both increased (by 4.6 and 1.6%, respectively); however, yield gains over the same period have reduced by 2.9% (FAO 2015), probably owing to increased biotic and abiotic stresses. Between 2010 and 2013, the total production of sorghum in Tanzania ranged from 798,000 metric tons to a high of 838,000 metric tons in 2012 (FAO 2015). In Uganda, sorghum, the third most important cereal food crop, is grown across five agroecological zones: Teso, Western, Northern, West Nile, and the South West highlands (Ebiyau et al. 2005). Both local (i.e., Akindi and Dura) and improved varieties (i.e., Seso1 and Gadam) are also grown in Uganda (Table 1). Recent crop production statistics indicate that production of sorghum in Uganda peaked in 2011 at 437,000 metric tons but dropped to 300,000 metric tons in 2013. Productivity also dropped from 1.2 metric tons/ ha in 2011 to 854 kg/ha in 2013. Importantly, unlike in Tanzania, TABLE 1 Varieties and landraces of sorghum identified in the field during the survey in Tanzania and Uganda Country, agroecological zone Varieties or landraces
2018
A survey was conducted in 2014 to determine the prevalence of fungal diseases on sorghum across different agroecological zones in Tanzania and Uganda. In Tanzania, 37 sorghum fields were sampled in Dodoma and Singida Provinces, representing the central drier areas, and in Simiyu, Shinyanga, Mwanza, and Mara Provinces, representing the lake-zone region. In Uganda, 134 fields were sampled across four agroecological zones of Teso, Western, Northern, and West Nile. Farmers were purposively selected, and at least 30 plants per field along two diagonal transects were visually assessed for disease. Ten and 14 diseases were identified in Tanzania and Uganda, respectively. Among the major diseases identified, those more prevalent in Tanzania than in Uganda were leaf blight caused by Setosphaeria turcica (P = 0.0031) and rust caused by Puccinia purpurea (P < 0.0001). Major diseases more prevalent in Uganda than in Tanzania were anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum sublineola (P = 0.0207) and zonate leaf spot caused by Gloeocercospora sorghi (P = 0.0312). We report for the first time the occurrence of ladder leaf spot caused by Cercospora fusimaculans in Uganda and confirm its occurrence in Tanzania. This is the first comprehensive sorghum disease survey report in over 15 years in both countries. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is an important crop utilized for food and brewing alcohol in Tanzania and Uganda. In Tanzania, the crop is mainly grown in Dodoma, Singida, Shinyanga, Mwanza, and Mara Provinces, which fall in the central, western, and lakezone regions of the country (Monyo et al. 2004; Rowhani et al. 2011). Improved varieties such as Lulu, Pato, Macia, Serena, and Tegemeo are liked by farmers, who cite early maturity and drought tolerance as important traits (Monyo et al. 2004); however, landraces are still planted (Table 1). Interestingly, over the past few years, the net change of area under production and the annual production have both increased (by 4.6 and 1.6%, respectively); however, yield gains over the same period have reduced by 2.9% (FAO 2015), probably owing to increased biotic and abiotic stresses. Between 2010 and 2013, the total production of sorghum in Tanzania ranged from 798,000 metric tons to a high of 838,000 metric tons in 2012 (FAO 2015). In Uganda, sorghum, the third most important cereal food crop, is grown across five agroecological zones: Teso, Western, Northern, West Nile, and the South West highlands (Ebiyau et al. 2005). Both local (i.e., Akindi and Dura) and improved varieties (i.e., Seso1 and Gadam) are also grown in Uganda (Table 1). Recent crop production statistics indicate that production of sorghum in Uganda peaked in 2011 at 437,000 metric tons but dropped to 300,000 metric tons in 2013. Productivity also dropped from 1.2 metric tons/ ha in 2011 to 854 kg/ha in 2013. Importantly, unlike in Tanzania, TABLE 1 Varieties and landraces of sorghum identified in the field during the survey in Tanzania and Uganda Country, agroecological zone Varieties or landraces
Journal of Plant Sciences (Science Publishing Group), 2015
Production and productivity of sorghum is highly threatened by different diseases in South Tigray, Ethiopia. However, the importance of each disease has not been assessed and well profiled to sound management strategy. To determine the occurrence and intensity of diseases survey was carried out in two major sorghum growing districts of South Tigray in 2014 cropping season. Results indicated that 93.7%, 84.8%, 88.6%, 37% and 58% of sorghum fields were infected by anthracnose, leaf blight, long smut, head and loose smuts, and downy mildew, respectively. This indicated that sorghum is suffered from complexes of diseases. The incidence and severity of the former diseases were 69.9% and 53.01%, 55.9% and 38.7%, 23% and 77.2%, 1.9% and 71.7%, and 43.6% and 41%, respectively. Most of the cultivated farmers' cultivars sown were susceptible at least to one disease putting large area of sorghum production at threat. Therefore, holistic and cumulative integrated approach is required to manage the complex diseases in the surveyed areas.
Incidence, Severity, and Prevalence of Sorghum Diseases in the Major Production Regions in Niger
Journal of Plant Studies
Sorghum ranks second to pearl millet as the most important cereal in Niger and is used primarily for food, feed, and other uses. During the 2022 growing season, 96 fields from the five major sorghum production regions of Dosso, Maradi, Tahoua, Tillabéri, and Zinder were surveyed for foliar and panicle diseases. In each field, 40 plants were assessed using a W-shaped pattern to cover the whole field. A total of 19 diseases, including leaf blight, anthracnose, long smut, zonate leaf spot, bacterial leaf stripe, oval leaf spot, and rough leaf spot were documented. Leaf blight (100%) was detected in all the fields surveyed. In the regions of Dosso and Zinder, anthracnose was found in all the surveyed fields while oval leaf spot was detected in all surveyed fields in Maradi and Zinder. The highest mean incidence of leaf blight (95%) was recorded in the regions of Tahoua and Zinder while oval leaf spot (80%), anthracnose (56%), and gray leaf spot (25%) were highest in Maradi region. The h...
Journal of Sohag Agriscience (JSAS), 2018
Sorghum plants (Sorghum bicolor linn. Moench) is the important grains crop for human being and animals in Upper Egypt, grain sorghum are attacked by certain smut diseases causing considerable losses in the grain yield. Covered kernel smut (CKS) caused by Sporisorium sorghi and long smut (LS) caused by Sporisorium ehrenbergii are one of the most significant diseases in sorghum production especially where untreated seed is planted. Results of this study showed that the high rates of inoculum of S. sorghi and S. ehrenbergii teliospores playing a great factor to increasing the infection with CKS and LS diseases and yield losses, while they reduced the yield of grains. Sorghum cultivars Giza-15 and Dorado differed in their ability to infection with these two types of CKS and LS respectively. Results revealed that due to infection by CKS disease Giza-15 (highly susceptible) recorded the lowest yield and highest yield losses (2.30 kg and 51.78%, respectively) and (2.25 kg and 52.22%, respe...
A Diagnostic Appraisal of Sorghum Farming in Striga Endemic Areas of Eritrea
Journal of Agricultural Science, 2017
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolour (L.) Moench), the most important cereal crop in Eritrea, is grown in more than 210,000 ha annually but its productivity is hampered by many factors including: farmer perception, lack of appropriate varieties, undeveloped seed systems, drought stress and Striga infestation. This study was aimed at understanding the sorghum smallholder livelihoods, farming systems, Striga incidence and infestation levels, and types of varieties grown in Striga infested sorghum growing areas. A semi structured questionnaire and focused group discussions were used to gather information from a total of 136 randomly selected farmers from three Striga endemic sub-regions of Eritrea namely, Hamelmalo, Goluj, and Tesseney. The results indicated that the most important cereal crops in the study area were sorghum, pear millet, ground nut and sesame. The most important constraint to sorghum production was identified as drought stress followed by Striga infestation. The majority of the ...
Incidence of sorghum disease in dawakin kudu local government area,kano state
ABSTRACT: The incidence of sorghum diseases in Dawakin-Kudu local government Area of Kano state was surveyed in the 2009 agriculture year. The area is found at Sudan savanna agro-ecological zone of Nigeria. Sorghum diseases were surveyed at seedling and grain filling stages. The survey was carried out from July to October during which three farmers’ fields were surveyed at every location on a road/foot path network. Total number of 60 farmers’ fields in 20 locations was surveyed. An average incidence (%) of the disease was obtained from a sample of 150 plants selected using simple random sampling technique from each of the three fields visited per stop. Results indicated the presence of 16 different types of sorghum diseases in the area; ten foliar diseases and 6 panicle diseases. Out of the ten leaf diseases, 8 were fungal and consist of grey leaf spot, sooty stripe, leaf blight, anthracnose, downy mildew, rough leaf spot, zonate leaf spot, and oval leaf spot and two bacterial leaf diseases which includes; leaf stripe and leaf streak. The panicle diseases observed during the survey included grain mold, covered smut, head smut, long smut, loose smut and ergot disease. Of these panicle diseases, head smut appeared to be having the highest incidence and was found in all the 20 locations surveyed hence, the most prevalent. No viral diseased symptom was observed during the survey. It appeared therefore that sorghum diseases are prevalent in the region. There is therefore the need to enlig
Variation in occurrence and severity of major sorghum
2016
ABSTRACT: Variation in occurrence and severity of pathogenic grain mold fungi were studied through a collaborative Sorghum Grain Mold Variability Nursery (SGMVN), consisting of 12 sorghum genotypes, that was established at five locations (Akola, Parbhani, Palem, Patancheru and Surat) during the three rainy seasons 2002-2004. Grain mold infection severity by the major pathogens was recorded at physiological maturity and on threshed grain, and grain colonization was measured using the blotter method. Among the fungal species, Fusarium spp., Curvularia lunata, Alternaria alternata and Phoma sorghina, in receding order, were predominant across locations and genotypes. Analysis of variance indicated highly significant effects of location, year, genotype and their interactions on grain mold severity and grain colonization by the four fungi. Grain colonization was highest by Fusarium spp. at Parbhani (54%), by C. lunata at Surat (45%), by A. alternata both at Parbhani (25%) and Patancheru ...