Prevalence, incidence, and severity of sorghum diseases in western Kenya (original) (raw)
Related papers
Journal of Sohag Agriscience (JSAS), 2018
Sorghum plants (Sorghum bicolor linn. Moench) is the important grains crop for human being and animals in Upper Egypt, grain sorghum are attacked by certain smut diseases causing considerable losses in the grain yield. Covered kernel smut (CKS) caused by Sporisorium sorghi and long smut (LS) caused by Sporisorium ehrenbergii are one of the most significant diseases in sorghum production especially where untreated seed is planted. Results of this study showed that the high rates of inoculum of S. sorghi and S. ehrenbergii teliospores playing a great factor to increasing the infection with CKS and LS diseases and yield losses, while they reduced the yield of grains. Sorghum cultivars Giza-15 and Dorado differed in their ability to infection with these two types of CKS and LS respectively. Results revealed that due to infection by CKS disease Giza-15 (highly susceptible) recorded the lowest yield and highest yield losses (2.30 kg and 51.78%, respectively) and (2.25 kg and 52.22%, respe...
2018
A survey was conducted in 2014 to determine the prevalence of fungal diseases on sorghum across different agroecological zones in Tanzania and Uganda. In Tanzania, 37 sorghum fields were sampled in Dodoma and Singida Provinces, representing the central drier areas, and in Simiyu, Shinyanga, Mwanza, and Mara Provinces, representing the lake-zone region. In Uganda, 134 fields were sampled across four agroecological zones of Teso, Western, Northern, and West Nile. Farmers were purposively selected, and at least 30 plants per field along two diagonal transects were visually assessed for disease. Ten and 14 diseases were identified in Tanzania and Uganda, respectively. Among the major diseases identified, those more prevalent in Tanzania than in Uganda were leaf blight caused by Setosphaeria turcica (P = 0.0031) and rust caused by Puccinia purpurea (P < 0.0001). Major diseases more prevalent in Uganda than in Tanzania were anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum sublineola (P = 0.0207) and zonate leaf spot caused by Gloeocercospora sorghi (P = 0.0312). We report for the first time the occurrence of ladder leaf spot caused by Cercospora fusimaculans in Uganda and confirm its occurrence in Tanzania. This is the first comprehensive sorghum disease survey report in over 15 years in both countries. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is an important crop utilized for food and brewing alcohol in Tanzania and Uganda. In Tanzania, the crop is mainly grown in Dodoma, Singida, Shinyanga, Mwanza, and Mara Provinces, which fall in the central, western, and lakezone regions of the country (Monyo et al. 2004; Rowhani et al. 2011). Improved varieties such as Lulu, Pato, Macia, Serena, and Tegemeo are liked by farmers, who cite early maturity and drought tolerance as important traits (Monyo et al. 2004); however, landraces are still planted (Table 1). Interestingly, over the past few years, the net change of area under production and the annual production have both increased (by 4.6 and 1.6%, respectively); however, yield gains over the same period have reduced by 2.9% (FAO 2015), probably owing to increased biotic and abiotic stresses. Between 2010 and 2013, the total production of sorghum in Tanzania ranged from 798,000 metric tons to a high of 838,000 metric tons in 2012 (FAO 2015). In Uganda, sorghum, the third most important cereal food crop, is grown across five agroecological zones: Teso, Western, Northern, West Nile, and the South West highlands (Ebiyau et al. 2005). Both local (i.e., Akindi and Dura) and improved varieties (i.e., Seso1 and Gadam) are also grown in Uganda (Table 1). Recent crop production statistics indicate that production of sorghum in Uganda peaked in 2011 at 437,000 metric tons but dropped to 300,000 metric tons in 2013. Productivity also dropped from 1.2 metric tons/ ha in 2011 to 854 kg/ha in 2013. Importantly, unlike in Tanzania, TABLE 1 Varieties and landraces of sorghum identified in the field during the survey in Tanzania and Uganda Country, agroecological zone Varieties or landraces
Sorghum diseases and their management in cultivation: seedling, seed, panicle and foliar diseases
Burleigh Dodds series in agricultural science, 2018
A survey was conducted in 2014 to determine the prevalence of fungal diseases on sorghum across different agroecological zones in Tanzania and Uganda. In Tanzania, 37 sorghum fields were sampled in Dodoma and Singida Provinces, representing the central drier areas, and in Simiyu, Shinyanga, Mwanza, and Mara Provinces, representing the lake-zone region. In Uganda, 134 fields were sampled across four agroecological zones of Teso, Western, Northern, and West Nile. Farmers were purposively selected, and at least 30 plants per field along two diagonal transects were visually assessed for disease. Ten and 14 diseases were identified in Tanzania and Uganda, respectively. Among the major diseases identified, those more prevalent in Tanzania than in Uganda were leaf blight caused by Setosphaeria turcica (P = 0.0031) and rust caused by Puccinia purpurea (P < 0.0001). Major diseases more prevalent in Uganda than in Tanzania were anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum sublineola (P = 0.0207) and zonate leaf spot caused by Gloeocercospora sorghi (P = 0.0312). We report for the first time the occurrence of ladder leaf spot caused by Cercospora fusimaculans in Uganda and confirm its occurrence in Tanzania. This is the first comprehensive sorghum disease survey report in over 15 years in both countries. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is an important crop utilized for food and brewing alcohol in Tanzania and Uganda. In Tanzania, the crop is mainly grown in Dodoma, Singida, Shinyanga, Mwanza, and Mara Provinces, which fall in the central, western, and lakezone regions of the country (Monyo et al. 2004; Rowhani et al. 2011). Improved varieties such as Lulu, Pato, Macia, Serena, and Tegemeo are liked by farmers, who cite early maturity and drought tolerance as important traits (Monyo et al. 2004); however, landraces are still planted (Table 1). Interestingly, over the past few years, the net change of area under production and the annual production have both increased (by 4.6 and 1.6%, respectively); however, yield gains over the same period have reduced by 2.9% (FAO 2015), probably owing to increased biotic and abiotic stresses. Between 2010 and 2013, the total production of sorghum in Tanzania ranged from 798,000 metric tons to a high of 838,000 metric tons in 2012 (FAO 2015). In Uganda, sorghum, the third most important cereal food crop, is grown across five agroecological zones: Teso, Western, Northern, West Nile, and the South West highlands (Ebiyau et al. 2005). Both local (i.e., Akindi and Dura) and improved varieties (i.e., Seso1 and Gadam) are also grown in Uganda (Table 1). Recent crop production statistics indicate that production of sorghum in Uganda peaked in 2011 at 437,000 metric tons but dropped to 300,000 metric tons in 2013. Productivity also dropped from 1.2 metric tons/ ha in 2011 to 854 kg/ha in 2013. Importantly, unlike in Tanzania, TABLE 1 Varieties and landraces of sorghum identified in the field during the survey in Tanzania and Uganda Country, agroecological zone Varieties or landraces
Incidence, Severity, and Prevalence of Sorghum Diseases in the Major Production Regions in Niger
Journal of Plant Studies
Sorghum ranks second to pearl millet as the most important cereal in Niger and is used primarily for food, feed, and other uses. During the 2022 growing season, 96 fields from the five major sorghum production regions of Dosso, Maradi, Tahoua, Tillabéri, and Zinder were surveyed for foliar and panicle diseases. In each field, 40 plants were assessed using a W-shaped pattern to cover the whole field. A total of 19 diseases, including leaf blight, anthracnose, long smut, zonate leaf spot, bacterial leaf stripe, oval leaf spot, and rough leaf spot were documented. Leaf blight (100%) was detected in all the fields surveyed. In the regions of Dosso and Zinder, anthracnose was found in all the surveyed fields while oval leaf spot was detected in all surveyed fields in Maradi and Zinder. The highest mean incidence of leaf blight (95%) was recorded in the regions of Tahoua and Zinder while oval leaf spot (80%), anthracnose (56%), and gray leaf spot (25%) were highest in Maradi region. The h...
2016
Covered kernel smut of sorghum caused by Sporisoriumsorghi is a major threat to sorghum production globally. This pathogen has been reported to attack sorghum resulting in yield losses as high as 75% on susceptible sorghum genotypes in Zimbabwe. Twelve sorghum genotypes were screened to determine the incidence and severity of covered kernel smut during the 2014/15 growing season. The trial was done under field conditions, where two artificial inoculation techniques namely seed dressing with dry teliospores and stem injection were used to observe the reaction of the sorghum genotypes. The experiment was set up using Randomised Complete Block Design with three replicates in the field. The disease incidence was highly distributed and it varied significantly (p<0.001) between the sorghum genotypes. A range of 0-40% incidence of the disease was recorded with SV-1 and ICSR 93034 having 0% and 40% respectively. Similarly, severity also followed the same trend as that of incidence with SV-1 having a mean score of 1 whilst ICSR 93034 had 4.667. NL 2015 produced the highest mean grain yield of 1.7467 tonnes/ha whilst NL 2014 had the lowest mean grain yield of 0.1903 tonnes/ha. The screening study suggests that farmers should grow sorghum genotypes SV-1, NL 2015 and ICSR 93024 which exhibited high levels of resistance to covered kernel smut disease. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
Variation in occurrence and severity of major sorghum
2016
ABSTRACT: Variation in occurrence and severity of pathogenic grain mold fungi were studied through a collaborative Sorghum Grain Mold Variability Nursery (SGMVN), consisting of 12 sorghum genotypes, that was established at five locations (Akola, Parbhani, Palem, Patancheru and Surat) during the three rainy seasons 2002-2004. Grain mold infection severity by the major pathogens was recorded at physiological maturity and on threshed grain, and grain colonization was measured using the blotter method. Among the fungal species, Fusarium spp., Curvularia lunata, Alternaria alternata and Phoma sorghina, in receding order, were predominant across locations and genotypes. Analysis of variance indicated highly significant effects of location, year, genotype and their interactions on grain mold severity and grain colonization by the four fungi. Grain colonization was highest by Fusarium spp. at Parbhani (54%), by C. lunata at Surat (45%), by A. alternata both at Parbhani (25%) and Patancheru ...
2021
Sorghum is an important food security crop for arid and semi-arid tropics but its production is hampered by many biotic and abiotic factors including covered kernel smut disease (CKSD) caused by fungus Sporosorium sorghi in the Ustilaginaceae family. The disease attacks susceptible sorghum genotypes causing yield losses estimated at 43% in Western Kenya. This study determined the response of selected sorghum genotypes to CKSD under field and greenhouse conditions. A total of 15 elite sorghum genotypes were screened under field conditions in Migori and Homa Bay sites and under greenhouse at the University of Eldoret. Data on disease incidence and severity were collected per genotype and analyzed using R-Studio software and means were separated at 1% using Tukey’s test. Results showed significant differences among genotypes for disease incidence and severity under fields and greenhouse conditions. Disease incidence varied significantly (p < 0.001) among the genotypes ranging from z...
Disease management factors influencing yield and quality of sorghum and groundnut crop residues
Field Crops Research, 2003
Crop residues from groundnut and sorghum constitute important fodder resources for dairy production and fodder trading on the Deccan Plateau in India. This paper addresses the effect of important diseases of groundnut and sorghum on pod and grain yield and crop residue yield and quality. In four genotypes of groundnut, late leaf spot (Phaeoisasariopsis personata) and rust (Puccinia arachidis) are the two major foliar diseases that together could reduce pod and haulm yield by 70% and in vitro digestibility of haulms by 22%. Two genotypes (ICGV 9202 and 92093) were highly resistant to these foliar diseases maintaining high pod and haulm yield as well as high in vitro digestibility of haulms (>62.3%) even under highest disease pressure. Important diseases in sorghum investigated were a viral disease caused by maize stripe virus (MStV) and anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum graminicola. MStV reduced grain yield by 30%, stover yield by 42% and digestible stover yield by 45%. Effects of MStV were highly genotype-dependent and grain and stover were affected in different ways in different varieties. The choice of appropriate genotype for a given farming situation will depend on trade-off scenarios for benefits from grain and stover. Similarly, anthracnose could reduce grain yield by 47% and stover yield by 23% but effects on stover quality were variable. As observed for MStV, effects of anthracnose were highly genotype-dependent and genotypes were identified that maintained high grain and stover yield under high disease pressure.
Incidence of sorghum disease in dawakin kudu local government area,kano state
ABSTRACT: The incidence of sorghum diseases in Dawakin-Kudu local government Area of Kano state was surveyed in the 2009 agriculture year. The area is found at Sudan savanna agro-ecological zone of Nigeria. Sorghum diseases were surveyed at seedling and grain filling stages. The survey was carried out from July to October during which three farmers’ fields were surveyed at every location on a road/foot path network. Total number of 60 farmers’ fields in 20 locations was surveyed. An average incidence (%) of the disease was obtained from a sample of 150 plants selected using simple random sampling technique from each of the three fields visited per stop. Results indicated the presence of 16 different types of sorghum diseases in the area; ten foliar diseases and 6 panicle diseases. Out of the ten leaf diseases, 8 were fungal and consist of grey leaf spot, sooty stripe, leaf blight, anthracnose, downy mildew, rough leaf spot, zonate leaf spot, and oval leaf spot and two bacterial leaf diseases which includes; leaf stripe and leaf streak. The panicle diseases observed during the survey included grain mold, covered smut, head smut, long smut, loose smut and ergot disease. Of these panicle diseases, head smut appeared to be having the highest incidence and was found in all the 20 locations surveyed hence, the most prevalent. No viral diseased symptom was observed during the survey. It appeared therefore that sorghum diseases are prevalent in the region. There is therefore the need to enlig
Sorghum diseases in Eritrea - a survey report
2002
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is one of the main food crops of Eritrea. A total of 35 fields at 15 lowland locations and 13 fields at 8 highland locations planted with a variety of cultivars were surveyed in 2001 for sorghum diseases, based on the percentage of diseased plants in 5 subplots. In highland areas, covered kernel smut (Sporisorium sorghi [Sphacelotheca sorghi]) was predominant followed by head smut (Sporisorium reilianum [Sphacelotheca reiliana]) and about 10% incidence of Striga hermonthica. In lowland areas, leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum [Setosphaeria turcica]), anthracnose (Colletotrichum graminicola [Glomerella graminicola]), zonate leaf spot (Gloeocercospora sorghi), loose kernel smut (Sporisorium cruentum) and covered kernel smut were important. Striga had between 2-100% incidence and was more prevalent in the drier lowlands. For all diseases, different cultivars exhibited different susceptibilities, and full results are tabulated.