Static maritime enviroment representation of electronic navigational charts in global path planning (original) (raw)
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Spatial database creation applicable for global path planning in integrated navigational system
Proceedings of the International Association of Maritime Universities Conference, 2024
Global and local path (GPP, LPP) planning is very actively researched for different vessels and manning levels. To employ planning algorithms or workflows, an environment model must be created, which is not commonly based on Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC), although it is the official and standardized repre- sentation of maritime environment. ENCs are used in Electronic Chart Display and Information System (EC- DIS), a component of an Integrated Navigation System (INS), the software platform fusing ECDIS, radar, sensor data and functions including route planning for which GPP can be considered as a part thereof. ENCs were created primarily for human interpretation, however with intended usage not solely for navigation. Closed and proprietary navigational and research software, ENC format limitations, scarce availability of free ENC file formats and complex usage outside of regulated frameworks contribute to limited number of ENC based GPP research approaches, usually based on single or few ENC objects. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to create an open-source methodology based on spatially extended object-relational data- base, programming languages and libraries with geographic information system to manage ENC objects used for static environment modelling and GPP applicable in INS or broader context. We created the navigable area and environment model using ENC objects and hexagonal hierarchical grids from Uber’s H3 Hexagonal Hierarchical Geospatial Indexing System library. For evaluation, we used ENC objects from different usage bands and scales for area between the ports of Savannah and Charleston in the USA with results confirming the open-source methodology applicability, along with possibilities for further research and development.
Electronic Navigational Charts: International Standards and Map Projections
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
Electronic navigational charts (ENCs) are geospatial databases, compiled for the operational use of Electronic Chart Display and Information systems (ECDIS) according to strict technical specifications of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). ECDIS is a GIS system designed for marine navigation according to the relevant standards of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The international standards for ENCs and ECDIS, issued by the IHO and IMO, cover many aspects of the portrayal of ENCs in ECDIS but do not specify or recommend map projections. Consequently, in some cases, the unjustified employment of map projections by the manufacturers has caused certain functional drawbacks and inadequacies. This article reviews, evaluates and supplements the results of earlier studies on the selection of map projections for the depiction of ENCs in ECDIS and proposes a reasonable set of suitable projections with pertinent selection/implementation rules. These proposals took...
Standardisation of Plotting Courses and Selecting Turn Points in Maritime Navigation
PROMET - Traffic&Transportation, 2014
Today's methods of plotting courses and selecting sailing routes and turn points in maritime navigation are still largely based on subjective assessment of the master or the officer in charge. This results in a great variety of course distribution and, accordingly, in various ship movements. Modern electronic aids, in particular ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System) can significantly facilitate maritime voyage planning, course plotting, selection of turning points, etc. In addition to displaying electronic charts, the specific feature of these systems is that they facilitate route planning, supervision of ship movements, data recording, database search, alarm setting, etc. However, these systems do not yet provide automatic selection of courses on user's request in a standardised form. Therefore, in most cases, the routes and turn points are selected empirically or because they have been previously defined and used. This paper shows the drawbacks of the exi...
Overview of Standards for Electronic Navigational Charts
2014
In the early 1980s, with the rapid development of geospatial technologies the development of Electronic Navigational Charts – ENC began. With a heavy emphasis on data security, because of its navigational purpose, the implementation of ENC was approached very cautiously. One of the key features of every product, which enables easier global use, is its standardization. The paper provides basic information related to the ENC and by studying all editions of publications for ENC, the reports of the Working groups of the International Hydrographic Organization – IHO and articles that followed the implementation process of ENC standards an overview of ENC standards is given, with the focus on two basic standards published in S-57 and S 52 publications. Also described is a new, currently under construction, standard for ENC (S-100) and the prediction of the future development guidelines with the concept of e- Navigation in mind.
Marine Policy, 2017
This paper is concerned with the implementation and realisation of a Worldwide Electronic Navigational Charts Database (WEND), adopted by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and its members in supporting marine navigation. It identifies the issue of gaps and overlaps between adjoining Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) and explores its consequences to the operation of Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) and the fulfilment of International Maritime Organization (IMO) chart carriage requirements. As the ENCs production is directly dependent on states' cartographic competences, this paper delves into the coastal states' jurisdiction in accordance with international law of the sea, and in particular the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and ΙΗΟ and IMO instruments. Through a case study on recently produced ENCs in the Mediterranean and more specifically in the Aegean Sea, this paper documents the necessity to respect states' cartographic competences in realising the WEND concept and cautions that, otherwise, new and extended overlaps emerge, which pose a risk to the safety of navigation, and, at the same time, become means through which states may promote their geopolitical aspirations as to jurisdiction over certain marine areas.
MAP PROJECTIONS AND VISUALIZATION OF NAVIGATIONAL PATHS IN ELECTRONIC CHART SYSTEMS
Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Cartography and GIS - 15-20 June, 2010, Nessebar, Bulgaria
The purpose of this paper is twofold: firstly to present the current status and the weaknesses of the standards of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) on the employment of map projections in Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) and other Electronic Chart Systems (ECS), and secondly to propose specific map projections for use in navigational systems. The paper starts with a brief overview of the IMO performance standards for ECDIS and the corresponding industry practice concerning the use of map projections and the visualization of navigational paths. Seventeen different map projections are evaluated and compared with respect to their fitness for use in the ECDIS/ECS environment. The comparison is supported by specially constructed maps portraying selected loxodromic and orthodromic navigational paths and distortion analysis data. The conducted study shows that improved visual perception is possible through the proper choice among five alternative map projections, depending on the location and the extend of the area portrayed on the chart.
Heuristic Approach for Paths? Computing of a Marine Fleet for an Underwater Patrolling Mission
2012
Nowadays, the hypothesis of using low cost “unmanned” vehicles, to replace men into territorial waters’ surveillance operations, is taking over. This would allow few operators to patrol great sea areas, reducing consequently costs of patrolling missions led by human resources. Because of low autonomy of robotic vehicles, compared with the autonomy of normal vehicles, path’s planning algorithms are needed to maximize the length of each path, respecting each vehicle’s autonomy and the constraints due to the vehicles’ features, revisits of sensible areas etc. etc. The following article describes a heuristic approach to the computing of these navigation plans.
Plotting courses in coastal navigation
Ovaj članak bavi se ispitivanjem načina planiranja putovanja u obalnoj navigaciji od strane zapovjednika broda i časnika plovidbene straže, te njihovim postupanjem u skladu s propisima i preporukama prilikom crtanja kursova kod obilaženja opasnosti i prolazaka područjima ograničene širine. Dobiveni rezultati trebali bi ukazati na glavne nedostatke postojećeg sustava obveza i preporuka kod planiranja obalne plovidbe, ponuditi dodatne preporuke te donekle standardizirati način povlačenje kursova. S ovim dodatnim preporukama primarno bi se smanjila potencijalna opasnost od sudara prilikom mimoilaženja brodova u nasuprotnim kursovima.
Toward a Marine Road Network for Ship Passage Planning and Monitoring
Proceedings of the ICA, 2021
Safety of navigation is essential for the global economy as maritime trade accounts for more than 80% of international trade. Carrying goods by ship is economically and environmentally efficient, however, a maritime accident can cause harm to the environment and local economies. To ensure safe passage, mariners tend to use already familiar routes as a best practice; most groundings occur when a vessel travels in unfamiliar territories or suddenly changes its route, e.g., due to extreme weather. In highly trafficked areas, the highest risk for ships is that of collision with other vessels in the area. In these situations, a network of previously traversed routes could help mariners make informed decisions for finding safe alternative routes to the destination, whereas a system that can predict the routes of nearby vessels would ease the burden for the mariner and alleviate the risk of collision. The goal of this project is to utilize Automatic Identification System data to create a network of "roads" to promote a route planning and prediction system for ships that makes finding optimal routes easier and allows mariners on the bridge and Autonomous Surface Vehicles to predict movement of ships to avoid collisions. This paper presents the first steps taken toward this goal, including data processing through the usage of Python libraries, database design and development utilizing PostgreSQL, density map generation and visualizations through our own developed libraries, an A* pathfinding algorithm implementation, and an early implementation of an Amazon Web Services deployment.
Towards navigational safety of ecosystem based Maritime Spatial Planning solutions
SHS Web of Conferences
According to EU Directive establishing a framework for Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) the main purpose of MSP is to promote sustainable development and to identify the utilization of maritime space for different sea uses as well as to manage spatial uses and conflicts in marine areas. The offshore wind energy production is considered to be one of the main drivers of MSP in the Baltic Sea Region. However, the impact on navigational safety from offshore renewable energy installations (OREI) should be assessed and taken into account in the MSP processes. In a course of implementation of the INTERREG BSR Baltic LINes project, this planning issue is addressed by analysis of the potential impact on navigational safety from planned OREI off the Hiiumaa Island (Estonia) in the Baltic Sea. As a result, the safe distance of turbines’ boundary from shipping route is evaluated referring as an example to UK relevant regulations determining the manoeuvring space that vessels need in order to kee...