Stimuli-responsive polymeric nanoparticles for nanomedicine (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials, 2020
Polymeric nanoparticles are one of the most studied strategies in modern medicine for drug encapsulation. The researchers' main interest is a formulation capable of administering the medication in a controlled mode and specific site. In this context, stimulus-responsive nanoparticles are highlighted, as these systems can have long circulation times, achieve the disease site, and improve intracellular medication administration. Therefore, this review addressed trends in drug delivery mechanisms and the influence of internal and external stimulus sources on the stimulusresponsive nanocarriers. Moreover, conventional and emerging methods for the synthesis of polymeric nanoparticles were reviewed.
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Polish Journal of Chemical Technology, 2012
Stimuli-responsive drug delivery system is a concept in which a drug is delivered at a suitable rate in response to stimuli. States of diseases may cause an alteration in some parameters of the body (e.g. in tumors) and the onset and offset of the drug delivery can be done by using this as a stimuli or a "trigger". Stimuli-responsive ("intellectual" or "sharp") resources and molecules show abrupt property changes in response to miniature changes in external stimuli such as pH, temperature etc. For regulated drug delivery, environmental stimuli such as pH and temperature, which undertake phase transition in polymer system, have been investigated. Thermally-responsive polymers can be tuned to a preferred temperature variety by copolymerization with a hydrophilic co-monomer or a hydrophobic co-monomer. Hydrophilic co-monomers increase the LCST while hydrophobic co-monomers decrease the LCST. The stimuli responsive polymer for regulated drug delivery can contain a polymer and copolymers having equilibrium of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups. A number of these polymers have been investigated extensively and some success in drug delivery with them has been achieved, such as polymers and copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide, PLGA, and PLA, HEMA etc. Thus this review is designed for stimuli pH and temperature responsive polymeric nanoparticles, which would be helpful to treat various cronic diseases such as cancer and others, for scientists in the fi eld of the regulated drug delivery system.
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For the past few decades, there has been a considerable research interest in the area of drug delivery using particulate delivery systems as carriers for small and large molecules. Various polymers have been used in the formulation of nanoparticles for drug delivery research to increase therapeutic benefit, while minimizing side effects.. Polymeric nanoparticles with a size in the nanometer range protect drugs against in vitro and in vivo degradation; it releases the drug in a controlled manner and also offers the possibility of drug targeting. The use of polymeric drug nanoparticles is a universal approach to increase the therapeutic performance of poorly soluble drugs in any route of administration. Here, we review various aspects of nanoparticles formulation, characterization, effect of their characteristics and their applications in delivery of drug molecules and therapeutic uses.
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Advances in synthesis of novel polymeric materials with enhanced biocompatibility, controlled biodegradation profile, and designed specifically to respond to biologically-relevant stimuli are leading to development of nanoparticles that can effectively be used for targeted delivery of image contrast enhancers and therapeutic agents. In this chapter, we review the applications of polymeric nanoparticle-based delivery systems in disease diagnosis and imaging as well as target-specific delivery of drugs and genes in the body. With illustrative examples from scientific literature, the versatility of polymeric nanoparticle systems, especially as multifunctional agents with target-specific delivery of multiple payloads in a single formulation or respond positively to environmental stimuli, are emphasized. Based on the significant promise of newer generation of polymeric materials, specifically designed for biomedical applications, there is great future for these systems in disease diagnosis and therapy.
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Responsiveness to environmental stimuli is a phenomenon that characterizes living cells and organisms and relates to fundamental principles of life. It is of great interest to understand this complicated and multifactorial mechanism, in order to build multifunctional biomaterials and devices, like drug nanocarriers. Based on this concept a number of important applications have arisen, using synthetic stimuli-responsive polymers that are exhibiting novel properties, in order to produce innovative responsive nanosystems. The nanocarriers that are able to transport bioactive molecules to the target tissues are developed based on their ability to respond to the environmental stimuli found in living cells and human body. These bio-inspired nanosystems use their endogenous responsiveness sensors, which originate from the chemistry of the biomaterials that compose them. The nature and the properties of biomaterials (lipids, polymers etc) lead to appropriate biophysical behavior and compatibility with the human organism. External stimuli, like heat, light, magnetic or electric field and ultrasounds, as well as endogenous ones, such as temperature changes, pH variations, redox potential and ionic strength differences can affect the responsiveness of a bio-inspired drug delivery nanosystem and consequently, its effectiveness. Concerning the various drug nanocarriers that can be rendered stimuli-responsive, there are several classes, including liposomes, niosomes, lipoplexes and polymersomes, micellar delivery nanosystems, dendrimers, polymer-drug and polymer-protein conjugates. The scope of this work is to review the so far extensive research that has been conducted on the area of stimuliresponsive drug delivery nanosystems and to present the journey from bench to clinic.
Polymeric Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery: Recent Developments and Future Prospects
Nanomaterials
The complexity of some diseases—as well as the inherent toxicity of certain drugs—has led to an increasing interest in the development and optimization of drug-delivery systems. Polymeric nanoparticles stand out as a key tool to improve drug bioavailability or specific delivery at the site of action. The versatility of polymers makes them potentially ideal for fulfilling the requirements of each particular drug-delivery system. In this review, a summary of the state-of-the-art panorama of polymeric nanoparticles as drug-delivery systems has been conducted, focusing mainly on those applications in which the corresponding disease involves an important morbidity, a considerable reduction in the life quality of patients—or even a high mortality. A revision of the use of polymeric nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery, for cancer diagnosis and treatment, as well as nutraceutical delivery, was carried out, and a short discussion about future prospects of these systems is included.
Nanocarriers, due to their unique features, are of increased interest among researchers working with pharmaceutical formulations. Polymeric nanoparticles and nanocapsules, involving non-toxic biodegradable polymers, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and inorganic–organic nanomaterials, are among the most used carriers for drugs for a broad spectrum of targeted diseases. In fact, oral, injectable, transdermal-dermal and ocular formulations mainly consist of the aforementioned nanomaterials demonstrating promising characteristics such as long circulation, specific targeting, high drug loading capacity, enhanced intracellular penetration, and so on. Over the last decade, huge advances in the development of novel, safer and less toxic nanocarriers with amended properties have been made. In addition, multifunctional nanocarriers combining chemical substances, vitamins and peptides via coupling chemistry, inorganic particles coated by biocompatible materials seem to play a key role considering that functionalization can enhance characteristics such as biocompatibility, targetability, environmental friendliness, and intracellular penetration while also have limited side effects. This review aims to summarize the " state of the art " of drug delivery carriers in nanosize, paying attention to their surface functionalization with ligands and other small or polymeric compounds so as to upgrade active and passive targeting, different release patterns as well as cell targeting and stimuli responsibility. Lastly, future aspects and potential uses of nanoparticulated drug systems are outlined.