Drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles: a review (original) (raw)

Stimuli-responsive polymeric nanoparticles for nanomedicine

ChemMedChem, 2015

Nature continues to be the ultimate in nanotechnology, where polymeric nanometer-scale architectures play a central role in biological systems. Inspired by the way nature forms functional supramolecular assemblies, researchers are trying to make nanostructures and to incorporate these into macrostructures as nature does. Recent advances and progress in nanoscience have demonstrated the great potential that nanomaterials have for applications in healthcare. In the realm of drug delivery, nanomaterials have been used in vivo to protect the drug entity in the systemic circulation, ensuring reproducible absorption of bioactive molecules that do not naturally penetrate biological barriers, restricting drug access to specific target sites. Several building blocks have been used in the formulation of nanoparticles. Thus, stability, drug release, and targeting can be tailored by surface modification. Herein the state of the art of stimuli-responsive polymeric nanoparticles are reviewed. Suc...

POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES IN DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS CRITICAL REVIEW AND CONCEPTS

Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems seem to be a viable and promising strategy for the biopharmaceutical industry. In particular of interest are polymeric nanoparticles have attracted the interest of many research groups and have been utilized in an increasing number of fields during the last decades. They have been used frequently as drug delivery vehicles due to their grand bioavailability, better encapsulation, controlled release and less toxic properties. Various nanoparticulate systems, types of polymers used, fate of the polymeric nanoparticles in vivo, control release and improvement of therapeutic value of nanoencapsulated drugs are highlighted in the current review.

Polymeric Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery: Recent Developments and Future Prospects

Nanomaterials

The complexity of some diseases—as well as the inherent toxicity of certain drugs—has led to an increasing interest in the development and optimization of drug-delivery systems. Polymeric nanoparticles stand out as a key tool to improve drug bioavailability or specific delivery at the site of action. The versatility of polymers makes them potentially ideal for fulfilling the requirements of each particular drug-delivery system. In this review, a summary of the state-of-the-art panorama of polymeric nanoparticles as drug-delivery systems has been conducted, focusing mainly on those applications in which the corresponding disease involves an important morbidity, a considerable reduction in the life quality of patients—or even a high mortality. A revision of the use of polymeric nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery, for cancer diagnosis and treatment, as well as nutraceutical delivery, was carried out, and a short discussion about future prospects of these systems is included.

A Brief Review on Polymeric Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Targeting

Journal of medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 2015

For the past few decades, there has been a considerable research interest in the area of drug delivery using particulate delivery systems as carriers for small and large molecules. Various polymers have been used in the formulation of nanoparticles for drug delivery research to increase therapeutic benefit, while minimizing side effects.. Polymeric nanoparticles with a size in the nanometer range protect drugs against in vitro and in vivo degradation; it releases the drug in a controlled manner and also offers the possibility of drug targeting. The use of polymeric drug nanoparticles is a universal approach to increase the therapeutic performance of poorly soluble drugs in any route of administration. Here, we review various aspects of nanoparticles formulation, characterization, effect of their characteristics and their applications in delivery of drug molecules and therapeutic uses.

Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery, Imaging, and Theragnosis

Polymers

In the past few decades, polymeric nanocarriers have been recognized as promising tools and have gained attention from researchers for their potential to efficiently deliver bioactive compounds, including drugs, proteins, genes, nucleic acids, etc., in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Remarkably, these polymeric nanocarriers could be further modified as stimuli-responsive systems based on the mechanism of triggered release, i.e., response to a specific stimulus, either endogenous (pH, enzymes, temperature, redox values, hypoxia, glucose levels) or exogenous (light, magnetism, ultrasound, electrical pulses) for the effective biodistribution and controlled release of drugs or genes at specific sites. Various nanoparticles (NPs) have been functionalized and used as templates for imaging systems in the form of metallic NPs, dendrimers, polymeric NPs, quantum dots, and liposomes. The use of polymeric nanocarriers for imaging and to deliver active compounds has attracted consid...

Pharmacology Nanoencapsulation I. Methods for preparation of drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles

Polymeric nanoparticles have been extensively studied as particulate carriers in the pharmaceutical and medical fields, because they show promise as drug delivery systems as a result of their controlled-and sustained-release properties, subcellular size, and biocompatibility with tissue and cells. Several methods to prepare nanoparticles have been developed during the last two decades, classified according to whether the particle formation involves a polymerization reaction or arises from a macromolecule or preformed polymer. In this review the most important preparation methods are described, especially those that make use of natural polymers. Advantages and disadvantages will be presented so as to facilitate selection of an appropriate nanoencapsulation method according to a particular application. D

Polymeric Nanoparticles as Target-Specific Delivery Systems

2010

Advances in synthesis of novel polymeric materials with enhanced biocompatibility, controlled biodegradation profile, and designed specifically to respond to biologically-relevant stimuli are leading to development of nanoparticles that can effectively be used for targeted delivery of image contrast enhancers and therapeutic agents. In this chapter, we review the applications of polymeric nanoparticle-based delivery systems in disease diagnosis and imaging as well as target-specific delivery of drugs and genes in the body. With illustrative examples from scientific literature, the versatility of polymeric nanoparticle systems, especially as multifunctional agents with target-specific delivery of multiple payloads in a single formulation or respond positively to environmental stimuli, are emphasized. Based on the significant promise of newer generation of polymeric materials, specifically designed for biomedical applications, there is great future for these systems in disease diagnosis and therapy.

A new generation of polymer nanoparticles for drug delivery

Cellular and molecular biology

One of the main interests of using polymer nanoparticles as drug carrier systems is to control the delivery of the drugs including their biodistribution. During the last decade, it was clearly demonstrated that surface properties of nanoparticles were the key factor which determined the in vivo fate of such a carrier. Thus, the purpose of this work was to develop a new method which allows the easy fabrication of nanoparticles with versatile surface properties using polysaccharides. This preparation was based on the use of a redox radical polymerization reaction applied for the first time to the emulsion polymerization of alkylcyanoacrylates in aqueous continuous media. The dispersion of nanoparticles was very stable. The nanoparticle surfaces were coated with polysaccharides and their characteristics can be modulated by the type and the molecular weight of the polysaccharides used during the synthesis. Interestingly the biological properties of the polysaccharide immobilized on the nanoparticle surface can be preserved opening very interesting perspectives for such nanoparticles. This method also offers a new strategy for the design of modular biomimetic nanoparticles as drug carrier systems with multiple functions. One of the applications considered in this work was to use these nanoparticles coupled with haemoglobin as an oxygen carrier.