Observed damages in Pakistan due to 16 April 2013 Iran earthquake (original) (raw)
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Frontiers in Built Environment
The weakness of tensile strength and high weight in masonry structures under the dynamic loads of earthquakes has always led to structural damage, financial losses, injuries, and deaths. In spite of cheap and affordable masonry materials, their use has been very limited in constructions over the past three decades. However, common masonry materials are still found in monumental and historical structures, deteriorated texture, and rural buildings. Identifying the seismic behavior and the probability of the structural damage is vital for pre-earthquake seismic risk reduction of urban areas and the rapid post-earthquake assessment. The earthquake event that occurred in Ezgeleh on 2017 November 12 with M w = 7.3 triggered the greatest damage in Sarpol-e-zahab city at a distance of about 37 km from the epicenter. Post-earthquake reconnaissance, microtremor analysis, and rapid visual inventory of structural damages in different zones were performed by research teams. In the present study, the strong ground motion and the peak ground acceleration, and its corresponding intensity distribution, which are based on the site response analysis in different parts of the city, are introduced. Afterward, damage probability matrices of different types of masonry buildings, namely unreinforced masonry and confined masonry buildings, are determined for both bins of peak ground accelerations and intensities. Finally, the fragility curves of two types of masonry structures are extracted based on the RISK-UE level 1 (LM1) method by assuming a beta distribution to estimate the probability distribution function of the damage. These curves are useful in assessing pre-earthquake possible damages in masonry structures with similar construction methods and similar materials to reduce seismic risks.
The Journal of the University of Duhok, 2020
Earthquakes hit the earth on daily basis with different intensities. An earthquake of M 7.3 hit Halabjah on 12 th of November 2017 and caused structural damages in both Halabjah and Darbandikhan. This paper investigates the reflections of seismic effects on the most structural damages found in the areas presenting a thorough site investigation on the possible reasons behind the building failures and collapses and specifying the probable errors in their constructions and designs. Additionally, some of the most novel techniques of retrofitting are proposed to rehabilitate the damages in the buildings. After the investigation, it is deduced that, most of the structural failures can be attributed to lack of knowledge about lateral loads and not considering them in the design and construction of the buildings in those vicinities. Further, the construction level of the buildings can be considered as unsatisfactory in the affected areas for some serious problems mentioned in detail in the paper. Therefore, most of the buildings needed immediate rehabilitation and some of the most modern methods are proposed in doing so. As a result, it is proved that a proper balance has to be guaranteed between strength, stiffness and ductility in designing buildings to withstand lateral forces from an earthquake.
Building Damage and Human Casualties During the Bam-Iran Earthquake
On December 26th, 2003 a devastating earthquake occurred in the southeastern Iran, causing a large number of collapsed buildings and human casualties. This study addresses the earthquake damage to buildings and its human casualties. Firstly, we analyze overall tendency of damage on basis of damage statistics comparing preceding surveys on building vulnerability and the relation between human casualties and building damage, and also on the basis of a questionnaire survey conducted in the stricken area. Finally, seismic response of an adobe masonry structure is analyzed by using Discrete Element Method, which can demonstrate the simulation of collapse of the structure.
General observations of building behaviour during the 8th October 2005 Pakistan earthquake
Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 2008
Pakistan. A majority of the buildings in the earthquake region were non-engineered, owner-built, loadbearing masonry or reinforced concrete framed structures. Most of the masonry buildings were built with random or semi-dressed stone-walls without any reinforcement. The reinforced concrete frame buildings were deficient in strength, lacked ductile detailing and were poorly constructed. A large number of such buildings collapsed, leading to widespread destruction and loss of life. The building damage was the main cause behind the human and property loss. The collapse of floor and roof structures, the brittle behaviour of concrete buildings, a lack of integrity in masonry structures, and a lack of incorporation of seismically resistant features in building structures are found to be main reasons for the catastrophe.
Seismic Performance of Adobe Construction Durting Recent Iranian Earthquakes
2005
Adobe, in the form of sun-dried bricks and clay or lime/clay mortar, has traditionally been the prime construction material in Iran. Presently, this type of construction still constitutes a notable portion of the buildings in the urban areas and a majority of the buildings in the rural areas. The performance of traditional adobe construction during numerous Iranian earthquakes has generally been poor. Low material strength, poor workmanship, lack of proper connections between building elements and the excessive weight of the building, resulting from the thick walls and massive roofs, are but a few shortcomings contributing to the general weakness of these buildings under earthquake loading. In this paper, the performances of different types of the Iranian adobe construction during a number of recent earthquakes are discussed and their points of weakness and strength are highlighted. The current rehabilitation trends for this type of construction in Iran are also discussed. INTRODUCT...
Bam Earthquake, Iran: Lessons on the Seismic Behaviour of Building Structures
The 14th World Conference on Earthquake …, 2008
The Bam earthquake on 26 December 2003 with magnitude M w =6.6 destroyed most of the city of Bam in Iran and nearby villages, and killed more than 26,000 people. The earthquake was by far the most devastating earthquake in the history of the region around Bam. After the earthquake the author undertook a field investigation and visited the affected area. The paper studies the structural damage on traditional as well as modern building structures during the earthquake. Adobe, masonry, steel and reinforced concrete structures are considered with some examples demonstrating the response of each type of the buildings. Discussion of the structural behavior is given with reference to existing seismic design codes and construction practice within the region. It is concluded that as a considerable number of buildings in central and eastern provinces of Iran, more specifically in villages, are built of mud-bricks and will not resist similar magnitude earthquakes. Due to specific materials and construction forms special strengthening procedures needs to be developed.
Observed failure modes of unreinforced masonry buildings during the 2015 Hindu Kush earthquake
Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 2019
On 26th October 2015, an M w 7.5 earthquake struck northern Pakistan, with its epicenter located 45 km southwest of Jarm in the Hindu Kush region of Afghanistan. The earthquake resulted from reverse faulting at a depth of 210 km, resulting in 280 fatalities and substantial damage to some 109,123 buildings. Regional seismicity, characteristics of recorded strong motions, damage statistics, and building performance observations are presented. Earthquake damage was mostly constrained to seismic-defi cient unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings. Typical failure modes included toppled minarets, partial or complete out of plane collapse of URM walls, diagonal shear cracking in piers, fl exural cracking in spandrels, corner damage, pounding damage, and damage due to ground settlement. The majority of human loss resulted due to failure of URM walls and subsequent roof collapse. URM buildings located in rural hilly areas closer to the epicenter suffered more intense and frequent damage than urban URM buildings located farther away in larger cities.
Vulnerability Assessment of Typical Buildings in Pakistan
In this paper vulnerability assessment of typical in Pakistan is performed. Abbottabad, one of the most affected cities during the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, is taken as a case study. An inventory data has been collected for the existing buildings in Abbottabad, and the common buildings types (groups) are identified as unreinforced brick masonry, concrete block masonry, confined masonry and reinforced concrete. Structural capacity is represented with experimental and analytical pushover curves for these building groups. The earthquake demand on the structures is evaluated using an advanced Capacity Spectrum Method (CSM). Twelve earthquake records, that are selected to represent the hazard in Abbottabad, are used for evaluating the demand on buildings. The product of this study is analytically based fragility relationships for the local building stock in Pakistan, specifically, in Abbottabad.
In Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK) and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (Previously NWFP) in the morning of October 08, 2005, there was a major earthquake of 7.6 mw magnitude. Approximately 100,000 people dead, 138,000 seriously injured and around 3.5 million people were displaced. Approximately 400,153 houses, 6,298 schools, 796 health facilities, 6,440 km roads and 50 to 70 % services like communication, power, water, sanitation etc were destroyed and damaged. Due to ground shaking (horizontal and vertical components), most damage to buildings and infrastructure occurred. In this paper, we discussed the building construction found and the reasons and causes for large scale destruction to the buildings and infrastructure. We observed that most of the buildings were built without implementing building code and seismic design. Then we discussed the building code of Pakistan (including seismic provisions), particularly for the earthquake affected area, and its implementation. We also discussed the building code and seismic design for construction in Japan and compared it with the practices in Pakistan. We described the seismic design and how to use seismic design in different kind of building structures to make the building structures more resistant to earthquakes. In this paper, we suggested some solutions for the construction of building structures in Pakistan to make the building structures more resistant to earthquake and to lessen the damage.
On the morning of the 8 th October 2005 a Magnitude 7.6 earthquake occurred in Pakistan at the foothills of the Himalayas. Over 80,000 people were killed in the event. The violent ground shaking triggered many land slides and caused damage to more than 450,000 buildings. Following the event, the authors participated in the Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT, part of the UK Institution of Structural Engineers) field mission. The authors spent 10 days in the field surveying the damage to buildings and lifelines in North Western Frontier Province and Pakistan Administered Kashmir. This paper first presents observations of physical damage to reinforced concrete and masonry buildings observed by the authors in Pakistan. A study of the current seismic design provisions for Pakistan is also presented together with a critical assessment of the seismic hazard maps for Pakistan. Comparisons are made with provisions in the US and Europe and recommendations made for the futu...