Bacteriological quality of household drinking water and cholera risk in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana (original) (raw)
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Microbial Quality of Household Drinking Water in the Sunyani Municipality of Ghana
The health risk associated with the microbial contamination of drinking water has been a major challenge in most households in the developing world. This challenge stems from the fact that water management systems are either inadequate or non-existent. In this study, the microbial quality of household drinking water in the Sunyani Municipality of Ghana was assessed. Thirty water samples were collected from the various households from eight communities for bacteriological analysis using the multiple tube method. The results were recorded as Most Probable Number (MPN) of coliform per 100 ml of water and compared with World Health Organization Guidelines for Drinking water quality. From the study, the mean total coliform of water ranged from 1.75 x 10 3 to 8.5 x10 6 cfu/100 ml. Out of the 30 water samples, twenty-two (73.3%) were positive with coliforms. The commonest source of drinking water standpipe had fifty percent of samples contaminated with coliforms. All four samples collected from the borehole were contaminated with coliforms. Out of the 22 coliform-positive samples, 59.1% of them showed positive for faecal coliform, out of which 50% of samples tested positive for the presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli). The study recommends intensive community education on proper water management systems as well as encouraging proper household hygiene practices.
https://www.ijhsr.org/IJHSR\_Vol.8\_Issue.1\_Jan2018/IJHSR\_Abstract.011.html, 2018
Background: The bacteriological quality of household drinking water (HDW) and waterborne diseases are the main public health concerns in resource-limited countries, including Tanzania. Despite widespread use of water disinfection methods, prevalence rates of waterborne diseases like cholera, dysentery, and typhoid are still high. Objectives: This study aimed to determine bacteriological quality of HDW used by residents of Kinondoni Municipality, in Dares -Salaam, and investigate on awareness and attitude towards commonly used HDW treatment methods. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from January to June 2016. Water samples were collected from HDW sources and subjected to presumptive coliforms count followed by Escherichia coli confirmation. Interviews were used to investigate residents" awareness and attitude towards HDW treatment and storage practices (HTSP). Results: Regression analysis predicted effects of isolated bacteria on incidences of water-borne infections. Neither types of isolated bacteria nor bacterial counts had significant associations with the prevalence of water-borne infections (p= 0.86). Prevalence of water-borne infections among household members had no associations with water storage means (p= 0.44). Combination of chemical disinfectants and filtration was the most effective water treatment methods. The most frequently isolated coliforms were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (45%) and Klebsiella (25%). Over 50% of water samples exceeded acceptable limits of coliform bacteria counts. Conclusion: High levels of coliform counts were revealed in HDW that could be attributed to poor storage and non-use of treated drinking water. Boiling of HDW killed all coliform bacteria. Satisfactory awareness of the importance of water disinfection was noted among the residents.
PLOS ONE, 2021
Background Biological deterioration of drinking water is the major cause of waterborne disease globally. However, there is a paucity of information on identifying the point where deterioration of the bacteriological quality of drinking water occurs (source or point of use) and associated factors among households in developing countries, especially in Ethiopia. Method A community based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 425 households in Eastern Ethiopia. Households with at least one child under-five years of age were included in the study. A total of 448 Water samples (425 from households and 23 from water sources) were collected and analyzed by the membrane filtration method to identify Thermotolerant coliform. Binary logistic regression was performed to assess the association between each independent and dependent variable. Adjusted Odd Ratios along with 95% Confidence intervals were estimated to identify factors associated with the outcome variable. Result This study revealed that 21.7%; 95% CI (4.5%, 39.1%) of water sources and 83.3%; 95% CI (79.8%, 87.1%) of households' drinking water were contaminated by thermotolerant coliform. Drinking water samples from households with poor wealth index [AOR = 9.63; 95%CI (2.92, 31.69)], households with unimproved sanitation facility [AOR = 2.81; 95%CI (1.31, 6.01)], households which shares their house with animal [AOR = 3.73; 95%CI (1.66, 8.37)], households that didn't practice household water treatment [AOR = 3.42; 95%CI (1.60, 7.31)] and not washing hands before water collection [AOR = 7.04; 95%CI (2.22, 22.30)] were significantly associated with deterioration of bacteriological quality of household drinking water.
Coliforms Contamination of Households Drinking Water in some parts of Kano Metropolis, Nigeria.
The association between water, sanitation, hygiene and health are well known. Many diseases are associated with contaminated water which man consume directly or indirectly through cooking, washing utensils, bathing, etc. Such circumstances results in various infections and diarrheal diseases. The aim of the research was to determine the relationship between hygiene practices and microbiological qualities of household drinking water in some parts of Kano, Nigeria. Coliforms were isolated by using membrane filter method with subsequent cultivation on differential and selective media. A total of 212 water samples were collected and 167 questionnaires were administered to each participating household. Of these 212, 83.0% of water samples used had coliform bacteria. A total of 143 (67.5%) households store their drinking water while only 69 (32.5%) collect and use their water without storage. Post-collection contamination was found to vary according to certain parameters like container used in collection and storage of the water, storage duration, number of children and wives and mode of collection.
Bacteriological quality of drinking water from source to household in Ibadan, Nigeria
African journal of medicine and medical sciences, 2007
The bacteriological quality of drinking water from well, spring, borehole, and tap sources and that stored in containers by urban households in Ibadan was assessed during wet and dry seasons. The MPN technique was used to detect and enumerate the number of coliforms in water samples. Results showed that majority of households relied on wells, which were found to be the most contaminated of all the sources. At the household level, water quality significantly deteriorated after collection and storage as a result of poor handling. Furthermore, there was significant seasonal variation in E. coli count at source (P=0.013) and household (P=0.001). The study concludes that there is a need to improve the microbial quality of drinking water at source and the household level through hygiene education, and provision of simple, acceptable, low-cost treatment methods.
jpsr.pharmainfo.in
The aim of this study was to assess the physicochemical and microbiological quality of the sources of household water supply and the prevalence of diarrhoea in three peri-urban communities in Kumasi, Ghana. Nine water sources, four from hand dug wells and five from boreholes, were identified, sampled and analysed for physicochemical (colour, turbidity, total dissolved solids, conductivity, and acidity) and microbiological characteristics. The total dissolved solids and conductivity values determined were within the WHO limit but the turbidity and colour of two of the water sources exceeded the WHO limits. All the water sources were acidic and did not meet the WHO specification for pH for drinking water. Faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci were consistently present in the water sources at levels signifying human pollution. Diarrhoea cases among children < 5 years reported at the various health facilities within the studied communities increased during periods when high levels of microbial contamination in drinking water sources were recorded. Provision of potable household water should continue to be the priority of governments of developing countries, especially those in sub-Saharan Africa, to reduce the prevalence of water-borne diseases.
Water constitutes about 70% of the earth's total mass and all life is dependent on water. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease worldwide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in households and across communities. Water and sanitation are closely related and cannot be isolated. If uncontaminated water is available, reliable and convenient to collect, more water is consumed, both for hygienic purposes and for drinking which can improve health. In this study, the effect of sanitation on the bacteriological quality of water was evaluated. The study also assessed the sanitation facilities available in the three communities, the water facilities used and the bacterial contamination of household water. A cluster survey system was employed in three communities namely Tetegu, Mayera and Ashongman village in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Thirty households were clustered within each community. Within each household in each community, domestic water stored was analyzed for bacterial contamination using UriSelect 4 medium. This was used because it allows the isolation and counting of all organisms using a standard bacteriological loop plating method. Standardized questionnaires were administered in each household to ascertain the type of water and sanitation infrastructure. Seventy-seven percent and 87% of respondents relied on public standpipes in the Ashongman and Tetegu communities, respectively. Eightythree percent of respondents in Mayera relied on the Nsaki river. Eighty percent of respondents used the KVIP at Mayera, 97% of respondents at Tetegu resorted to open defecation, and 57% of respondents also used the pit latrine at Ashongman community. A total of ten bacterial species namely: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus agalactiae. Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus saprophytic, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus were identified in domestic water stored. This study therefore recommends that policy makers must ensure the provision of basic infrastructure such as toilet facilities to reduce the likely contamination of water sources from poor sanitation facilities.
High enteric bacterial contamination of drinking water in Jigjiga city, Eastern Ethiopia
Background: The high prevalence of diarrheal disease among children and infants can be traced due to the use of unsafe water and unhygienic practices. The overall concept adopted for microbiological quality is that no water intended for human consumption shall contain Escherichia coli per 100 ml sample. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess household water handling and hygienic practices and to determine bacteriological quality of drinking water from different sources in Jigjiga city. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess bacteriological quality of drinking water in Jigjiga city from May-August, 2013. Both simple random and convenient sampling techniques were applied to select 238 households to assess water handling and hygienic practices, and 125 water samples to assess bacteriological quality of drinking water respectively. The water samples were collected from household water container, pipeline, water reservoir, 'Beyollie', and main sources. Easily isolated bacteria called coliforms were used as indicator organisms of human and other animals' fecal contamination status of drinking water. Data were summarized using descriptive and analytical statistics. Chi-square (χ2) and logistic regression tests were used and p<0.05 was considered as cut off value for statistical significance. Results: Overall, 71.2%(n=89) of water samples were contaminated by one or more bacterial species of E.coli, Shigella Sp, Salmonella Sp, and Vibrio sp. Particularly, 65(52%), 10(8%), 9(7.2%), and 8(6.4%) were contaminated by E.coli, Shigella sp, Salmonella sp, and Vibrio sp, respectively. On the other hand, 20% of the households and pipeline water samples had a fecal coliform count of 150 and above. Placement of water drinking utensils had a statistically significant association with illiterate education (p=0.01, AOR=5.47, 95% CI: (1.31, 22.78)) and male household head (p=0.02, AOR=2.11, 95% CI: (1.10, 4.05)). Conclusions: The majorities of drinking water sources were highly contaminated by Enterobacteriaceae. Regular bacteriological water quality control mechanisms need to be in place to ensure bacteriological safety of drinking water. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2016;30(3):118-128]
The Study Of Bacterial Contamination Of Drinking Water Sources: A Case Study Of Mpraeso, Ghana
The Internet Journal of Microbiology, 2012
The study aimed at determining the presence, type, count and causes of bacterial contamination of water used for drinking and other domestic purposes in Mpraeso. Fifty-four (54) water samples (48 from 8 groundwater wells and 6 from a stream) were collected and analyzed for six months (both during the dry and raining seasons). The results showed that groundwater sources were as polluted as surface water. The detection of bacterial cells in the water sources means that some forms of treatment needed to be done before consumption. The mean count of total coliform and faecal coliform ranged from 299-2267 MPN colonies/100 ml water sample and 111-1235 MPN colonies/100 ml water sample, respectively. For the groundwater sources, the enterobacteriaceae species detected were Escherichia coli (8 wells), Enterococcus faecalis (8 wells), Klebsiella pneumoniae (6 wells), Enterobacter cloacae (5), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3), and Proteus mirabilis (3). All these bacterial species were detected in the surface water samples.
Studies on microbial quality of filtered water in households of a university community in Nigeria
The Journal of hygiene, 1986
Water samples from home filters in nine residential areas of a Nigerian university community were studied. The membrane filter technique was used to determine the total coliform and faecal coliform counts/100 ml of water. Most of the 100 samples studied were grossly contaminated with total coliform counts/100 ml ranging from 0-442, faecal coliform counts/100 ml, 0-216 and the total aerobic plate count per millilitre ranged from 3.0 X 10(3) to 1.9 X 10(9) c.f.u. The source (dams) of water, fitness of filter candles, frequency of cleaning candles and pH of water did not significantly (P greater than 0.05; chi2) affect the microbial quality of either filtered boiled or unboiled tap water. Escherichia coli type I was isolated from 17.9% of the faecal coliforms tested but from only 2.3% of total coliforms. Enterobacter aerogenes was most predominant (38.5%) amongst faecal coliforms isolated while Enterobacter cloacae was the most frequent (37.2%) of the total coliform isolates. The gross...