Electron lenses: historical overview and outlook (original) (raw)
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Electron Lenses for the Large Hadron Collider
2014
Electron lenses are pulsed, magnetically confined electronbeamswhosecurrent-densityprofileisshapedtoobtain the desired effect on the circulating beam. Electron lenses were used in the Fermilab Tevatron collider for bunch-bybunch compensation of long-range beam-beam tune shifts, for removal of uncaptured particles in the abort gap, for preliminaryexperimentsonhead-onbeam-beamcompensation, andforthedemonstrationofhaloscrapingwith hollow electron beams. Electron lenses for beam-beam compensation are being commissioned in RHIC at BNL. Within the US LHC Accelerator Research Program and the European HiLumi LHC Design Study, hollow electron beam collimationwasstudiedasanoptiontocomplementthecollimation system for the LHC upgrades. A conceptual design was recently completed, and the project is moving towards a technical design in 2014–2015 for construction in 2015–2017, if needed, after resuming LHC operations and re-assessing collimation needs and requirements at 6.5 TeV. Because of their ...
Experimental Demonstration of Compensation of Beam-Beam Effects by Electron Lenses
Arxiv preprint arXiv: …, 2007
We report the first experimental demonstration of compensation of beam-beam interaction effects in high-energy particle collider by using space-charge forces of a low-energy electron beam. In our experiments, an electron lens, a novel instrument developed for the beam-beam compensation, was set on a 980-GeV proton bunch in the Tevatron proton-antiproton collider. The proton bunch losses due to its interaction with antiproton beam were reduced by a factor of 2 when the electron lens was operating. We describe the principle of electron lens operation and present experimental results.
Nishikawa Prize article: Electron lenses, Tevatron, and selected topics in accelerators
Physical review accelerators and beams, 2019
This article is an extended version of the talk is given at the IPAC19 (Melbourne, Australia, May 2019) on the occasion of acceptance of the ACFA/IPAC19 Nishikawa Tetsuji Prize for a recent, significant, original contribution to the accelerator field, with no age limit with citation "…for original work on electron lenses in synchrotron colliders, outstanding contribution to the construction and operation of high-energy, high-luminosity hadron colliders and for tireless leadership in the accelerator community."
Tevatron electron lenses: Design and operation
Physical Review Special Topics-accelerators and Beams, 2008
The beam-beam effects have been the dominating sources of beam loss and lifetime limitations in the Tevatron proton-antiproton collider [1]. Electron lenses were originally proposed for compensation of electromagnetic long-range and head-on beam-beam interactions of proton and antiproton beams [2]. Results of successful employment of two electron lenses built and installed in the Tevatron are reported in [3,4,5]. In this paper we present design features of the Tevatron electron lenses (TELs), discuss the generation of electron beams, describe different modes of operation and outline the technical parameters of various subsystems.
Experimental studies of compensation of beam–beam effects with Tevatron electron lenses
New Journal of Physics, 2008
Applying the space-charge forces of a low-energy electron beam can lead to a significant improvement of the beam-particle lifetime limit arising from the beam-beam interaction in a highenergy collider . In this article we present the results of various beam experiments with "electron lenses," novel instruments developed for the beam-beam compensation at the Tevatron, which collides 980-GeV proton and antiproton beams. We study the dependencies of the particle betatron tunes on the electron beam current, energy and position; we explore the effects of electron-beam imperfections and noises; and we quantify the improvements of the high-energy beam intensity and the collider luminosity lifetime obtained by the action of the Tevatron Electron Lenses.
Experimental Demonstration of Colliding-Beam-Lifetime Improvement by Electron Lenses
Physical Review Letters, 2007
We report successful application of space-charge forces of a low-energy electron beam for improvement of particle lifetime determined by beam-beam interaction in high-energy collider. In our experiments, an electron lens, a novel instrument developed for the beam-beam compensation, was set on a 980-GeV proton bunch in the Tevatron proton-antiproton collider. The proton bunch losses due to its interaction with antiproton beam were reduced by a factor of 2 when the electron lens was operating. We describe the principle of electron lens operation and present experimental results.
Electron Lens Construction for the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator at Fermilab
2016
The Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) is proposed for operation at Fermilab. The goal of IOTA is to create practical nonlinear accelerator focusing systems with a large frequency spread and stable particle motion. The IOTA is a 40 m circumference, 150 MeV (e-), 2.5 MeV (p+) diagnostic test ring. Construction of an electron lens for IOTA is necessary for both electron and proton operation. Components required for the Electron Lens design include; a 0.8 T conventional water-cooled main solenoid, and magnetic bending and focusing elements. The foundation of the design relies on repurposing the Fermilab Tevatron Electron Lens 2 (TEL2) gun and collector under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions.
2007 IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference (PAC), 2007
Electromagnetic long-range and head-on interactions of high intensity proton and antiproton beams are significant sources of beam loss and lifetime limitations in the Tevatron Collider Run II (2001-present). We present observations of the beam-beam phenomena in the Tevatron and results of relevant beam studies. We analyze the data and various methods employed in high energy physics (HEP) operation, predict the performance for planned luminosity upgrades and discuss ways to improve it.
Upgrades of the tevatron electron lens
Proceedings of the 2003 Bipolar/BiCMOS Circuits and Technology Meeting (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37440), 2003
This paper will describe the main upgrades of the Tevatron Electron Lens (TEL) during the year 2003. The bending angle of the electron beam entrance and exit to the main solenoid will be decreased from 90 degrees to 53 degrees and three more solenoids will be added to each of the two bends, which will allow us to control the electron beam size more freely. A new gun will also be installed which will give us a Gaussian transverse beam distribution in addition to the flat beam with much smoother edge to minimize the nonlinear effect of the beam-beam force. In addition, a new BPM system will be installed to let us have more precise beam position measurements for proton, antiproton and electron beams. A knife-edge beam profile measurement system will replace the space-consuming scanning wires. We expect that these upgrages will improve the ability to increase the lifetime of the (anti)proton beam during beam-beam compensation operation. [1]
Electron lens Optimization for Beam Physics Research using the Integrated Optics Test Accelerator
Baghdad Science Journal
This study proposed control system that has been presented to control the electron lens resistance in order to obtain a stabilized electron lens power. This study will layout the fundamental challenges, hypothetical plan arrangements and development condition for the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) in progress at Fermilab. Thus, an effective automatic gain control (AGC) unit has been introduced which prevents fluctuations in the internal resistance of the electronic lens caused by environmental influences to affect the system's current and power values and keep them in stable amounts. Utilizing this unit has obtained level balanced out system un impacted with electronic lens surrounding natural varieties.