Epigenetic Remodeling of theIL-2andIFN-γ Loci in Memory CD8 T Cells Is Influenced by CD4 T Cells (original) (raw)
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Human memory CD8 T cell effector potential is epigenetically preserved during in vivo homeostasis
The Journal of Experimental Medicine
Antigen-independent homeostasis of memory CD8 T cells is vital for sustaining long-lived T cell–mediated immunity. In this study, we report that maintenance of human memory CD8 T cell effector potential during in vitro and in vivo homeostatic proliferation is coupled to preservation of acquired DNA methylation programs. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing of primary human naive, short-lived effector memory (T EM ), and longer-lived central memory (T CM ) and stem cell memory (T SCM ) CD8 T cells identified effector molecules with demethylated promoters and poised for expression. Effector-loci demethylation was heritably preserved during IL-7– and IL-15–mediated in vitro cell proliferation. Conversely, cytokine-driven proliferation of T CM and T SCM memory cells resulted in phenotypic conversion into T EM cells and was coupled to increased methylation of the CCR7 and Tcf7 loci. Furthermore, haploidentical donor memory CD8 T cells undergoing in vivo proliferation in lymphodepleted recip...
Epigenetic Maintenance of Acquired Gene Expression Programs during Memory CD8 T Cell Homeostasis
Frontiers in Immunology, 2018
Memory CD8 T cells have a unique ability to provide lifelong immunity against pathogens containing their cognate epitope. Because of their ability to provide lifelong protection, the generation of memory T cells is now a major focus for current vaccination or adoptive cell therapy approaches to treat chronic viral infections and cancer. It is now clear that maintenance of memory CD8 T cells occurs through a process of antigen-independent homeostatic proliferation, which is regulated in part by the gamma chain cytokines IL-7 and IL-15. Here, we will describe the role of these cytokines in the survival and self-renewal of memory CD8 T cells. Further, we will describe the role of epigenetics in the maintenance of acquired functions among memory CD8 T cells during homeostatic proliferation.
The Journal of Immunology, 2008
Memory CD8 T cells, unlike their naive precursors, are capable of rapidly producing high levels of cytokines, killing target cells, and proliferating into numerous secondary effectors immediately upon Ag encounter. This ready-to-respond state contributes to their superior ability to confer protective immunity, yet the underlying molecular basis remains unknown. In this study, we show that memory CD8 T cells have increased histone acetylation compared with naive CD8 T cells; however, those activated without CD4 T cell help (“unhelped”) remain hypoacetylated and fail to develop into functional, protective memory. Treatment with a histone deacetylase inhibitor during activation results in increased histone acetylation in unhelped CD8 T cells and restores their ability to differentiate into functional memory cells capable of immediate cytokine production and providing protective immunity. These results demonstrate that CD4 T help-dependent chromatin remodeling provides a molecular basis...
Generating long-lived CD8+T-cell memory: Insights from epigenetic programs
European Journal of Immunology, 2016
T cell based immunological memory has the potential to provide the host with lifelong protection against pathogen re-exposure and thus offers tremendous promise for the design of vaccines targeting chronic infections or cancer. In order to exploit this potential in the design of new vaccines it is necessary to understand how and when memory T cells acquire their poised effector potential, and moreover, how they maintain these properties during homeostatic proliferation. To gain insight into the persistent nature of memory T cell functions, investigators have turned their attention to epigenetic mechanisms. Recent efforts have revealed that many of the properties acquired among memory T cells are coupled to stable changes in DNA methylation and histone modifications. Furthermore, it has recently been reported that the delineating features among memory T cells subsets are also linked to distinct epigenetic events providing exciting new hypotheses regarding their cellular ancestry. Here we review recent studies focused on epigenetic programs acquired during effector and memory T cell differentiation and discuss how these data may shed new light on the developmental path for generating long-lived CD8 T cell memory.
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2015
In response to primary Ag contact, naive mouse CD8(+) T cells undergo clonal expansion and differentiate into effector T cells. After pathogen clearance, most effector T cells die, and only a small number of memory T cell precursors (TMPs) survive to form a pool of long-lived memory T cells (TMs). Although high- and low-affinity CD8(+) T cell clones are recruited into the primary response, the TM pool consists mainly of high-affinity clones. It remains unclear whether the more efficient expansion of high-affinity clones and/or cell-intrinsic processes exclude low-affinity T cells from the TM pool. In this article, we show that the lack of IFN-γR signaling in CD8(+) T cells promotes TM formation in response to weak, but not strong, TCR agonists. The IFN-γ-sensitive accumulation of TMs correlates with reduced mammalian target of rapamycin activation and the accumulation of long-lived CD62L(hi)Bcl-2(hi)Eomes(hi) TMPs. Reconstitution of mammalian target of rapamycin or IFN-γR signaling ...
Lineage relationship and protective immunity of memory CD8 T cell subsets
Nature Immunology, 2003
, but their lineage relationships and their ability to persist and confer protective immunity are not well understood. Our results show that T CM have a greater capacity than T EM to persist in vivo and are more efficient in mediating protective immunity because of their increased proliferative potential.We also demonstrate that, following antigen clearance, T EM convert to T CM and that the duration of this differentiation is programmed within the first week after immunization.We propose that T CM and T EM do not necessarily represent distinct subsets, but are part of a continuum in a linear naive → effector → T EM → T CM differentiation pathway.
Signals for antigen-independent differentiation of memory CD8+ T cells
Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS, 2021
Conventional CD8+ memory T cells develop upon stimulation with foreign antigen and provide increased protection upon re-challenge. Over the past two decades, new subsets of CD8+ T cells have been identified that acquire memory features independently of antigen exposure. These antigen-inexperienced memory T cells (TAIM) are described under several names including innate memory, virtual memory, and memory phenotype. TAIM cells exhibit characteristics of conventional or true memory cells, including antigen-specific responses. In addition, they show responsiveness to innate stimuli and have been suggested to provide additional levels of protection toward infections and cancer. Here, we discuss the current understanding of TAIM cells, focusing on extrinsic and intrinsic molecular conditions that favor their development, their molecular definitions and immunological properties, as well as their transcriptional and epigenetic regulation.