Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soils of Kemaman (original) (raw)
Related papers
Levels and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soils of Akure, Nigeria
Chemical Science International Journal, 2016
Top soils (0-15 cm) of Shasha market, North Gate motor park, Benin motor park and Ilesha motor park in Akure metropolis, Nigeria was sampled. The aim of the research was to determine the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in frequently visited urban areas. PAHs were determined by extraction using hexane and dichloromethane in an ultra sonicator with a microprocessor for control of time and temperature. The extract was concentrated and cleaned up using Nitrogen gas. Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) was used to analyze for PAHs. The ∑PAHs (summation of PAHs) ranged from 6.184-27.046 µg/kg and 1.511-13.766 µg/kg, ∑Low molecular weight PAHs ranged from 3.237-14.672 µg/kg and 0.279-8.338 µg/kg, ∑High molecular weight PAHs ranged from 2.947-12.374 µg/kg and 0.627-5.428 µg/kg in the samples and controls respectively. Shasha market sample and control has the highest ∑PAHs. Source diagnostic ratio inferred that the PAHs originated mainly from combustion sources and vehicular exhaust. The concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the site samples were all higher than the control samples. Areas with very high activities had higher concentrations.
2008
This study was carried out to determine the concentration and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils of Kota Bharu, Kelantan Darul Naim. A total of 20 sampling sites were chosen covering the town center and surrounding suburban area of this district. PAHs in soil matrix were extracted using ultrasonic agitation technique with dichloromethane as extraction solvent. Fractionation of PAHs were done using silica-alumina column and the characterization of these individual components were carried out using GCMS. Priority PAHs (PAH 16 as defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) were predominantly represented by four to six ring compounds with concentration ranging between 0.022 µgg-1 to 24.06 µgg-1. Based on ratios of selected molecular markers, it can be concluded that PAHs in soil were generally derived from combustion sources. A strong correlation between benzo (g,h,i)perylene with total identified PAHs strongly suggest that vehicular emission is the major constituent of this combustion sources.
Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination in urban soils from Niamey, Niger
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2015
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are produced during incomplete organic matter combustion at high temperature and have potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. No data on PAHs in soils from Niger have been reported despite the existence of numerous PAH emissions sources. This study provides data on PAH contamination of urban soils in Niamey. For this purpose, soil samples were collected from 10 urban sites and their PAHs levels were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). PAH compound ratios such as phenanthrene/anthracene (Phen/Ant) were used to identify petrogenic or pyrogenic sources. The results showed that the total PAH concentrations in the soils ranged from 372 µg/kg to 4320 µg/kg and carcinogenic PAHs ranged between 23% and 53 % of the total PAHs. According to the evaluation criteria of PAH levels (Maliszewska-Kordubach 1996), soils of Niamey can be considered as contaminated at moderate to high degree by PAHs. Calculated values of Phen/Ant ratio varied from 0.72 to 16.55 and indicated that the PAHs in Niamey urban soil are mainly of pyrogenic origin such as incineration, open burning for domestic heating and cooking.
2016
Status and composition of PAHs in urban soil were studied.∑ PAHs distribution correlated closely with the different human activities.Composition pattern of PAHs was characterized with higher molecular weight PAHs.Individual PAH ratios and PCA were used to investigate source of PAHs.Human exposure to soil PAH via direct contact probably pose adverse health effects.The level, distribution, compositional pattern and possible sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lanzhou urban soil of Northwest China were investigated in this study. The total level of 22 PAHs ranged from 115 to 12,100 µg kg−1 and that of 16 priority PAHs from 82.4 to 10,900 µg kg−1. Seven carcinogenic PAHs generally accounted for 6.18–57.4% of total 22 PAHs. Compared with data from those reported about urban areas, PAH contamination in Lanzhou urban soils was moderate. Among different functional areas, higher level of PAHs was found along roadsides and in the industrial district (p<0.01), while lower levels were detected in the commercial, park and residential districts. The composition of PAHs was characterized by high molecular weight PAHs (≥4 rings), among which fluoranthene, benz[a]anthracene and phenanthrene were the most dominant components. Correlation analysis suggested that low molecular weight PAHs and high molecular weight PAHs originated from different sources and further corroborated that TOC was an important factor in the accumulation of PAHs in soil. Isomer ratios and principal component analysis indicated that PAHs in urban soil derived primarily from emissions resulting from the combustion of biomass, coal and petroleum products. Toxic equivalent concentrations (BaPeq) of soil PAHs ranged from 6.12 to 1302 µg BaPeq kg−1, with a mean of 138 µg BaPeq kg−1. The results suggested that human exposure to those soils which polluted by high concentrations of PAHs through direct ingestion or inhalation of suspended soil particles probably poses a significant risk to human health from the carcinogenic effects of PAHs.
Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 2016
This study aims to investigate the level of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and identification of their potential sources in residential soils. During the study, a total 36 soil samples collected from twelve residential locations at Sahibabad-Ghaziabad area of western Uttar Pradesh, India, a constituted part of the National Capital Region of India. Samples extracted using ultrasonication, cleaned with silica and analyzed by diode array detector-high-performance liquid chromatography using acetonitrile/water as mobile phase. The 25th and 75th percentile concentration of PAHs was 264 μg kg −1 and 584 μg kg −1 , respectively, with mean and median of 445 μg kg −1 and 421 μg kg −1. The detection frequency of PAHs in all samples was lower for low molecular weight PAHs (19%) than high molecular weight PAHs (81%). The concentration of seven probable carcinogenic PAHs accounted for 67% of the PAHs. PAHs toxicity potential as benzo(a)pyrene toxicity equivalent ranged between 2.52-253 μg BaP TEQ kg −1. Composition profile of PAHs with different aromatic rings and selected diagnostic molecular ratios suggested the local pyrogenic sources of PAHs from vehicular emissions, diesel engines, biomass combustion, gasoline, and coal combustions.
Makara Journal of Science, 2022
This study assessed the heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollutant in soil around petrol filling stations and automobile mechanic workshops. Samples of soil were acquired from the depth range of 0-15 cm. Toxic heavy metals were analyzed with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The PAHs were analyzed using phytochemical chromatographic analysis by the Soxhlet extraction method. The soil tested was weakly acidic (6.12-6.81). The trend of the heavy metals' mean levels in soil followed the order: lead (Pb) > nickel (Ni) > vanadium (V) > cadmium (Cd). The mean levels of PAHs were in the order: 1,2-benzanthracene pyrene > anthracene > fluorene > benzo(b)fluoranthene > 1,1,2-benzopyrelene (BghiP) > naphthalene (Naph) > Dibenz(a, h)anthracene > 1, 2 benzanthracene > benzo(k)fluoranthene > phenanthrene > pyrene > xylene > acenapthylene. Pearson correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the heavy metals were generated from automobile exhaust and parent rocks. Soil pollution index and Numerov composite pollution index revealed that the soil is safe, clean, and unpolluted with heavy metals. The mean levels of heavy metals were below the European Union (2006) permissible values for uncontaminated soil. The PAH mean values were within permissible standards for unpolluted agricultural, forest, and residential soils. The diagnostic ratios of PAHs, supported by PCA, showed that PAHs in soil were produced by pyrogenic and internal combustion of gasoline and kerosene. This method of soil contamination assessment by heavy metals and PAHs is invaluable for pollution assessors in Nigeria and another area in the world.
Distribution, composition profiles and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated in roadside soils from Delhi, India. PAH determination was made by Sonication extraction and chromatographic clean-up with final analysis by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet-diode array detector (HPLC-UV-DAD).The average concentration of ∑PAHs was 6838.6±3528.4 µg kg -1 and ranged between 81.6 to 45017.4 µg kg -1 . Seven possible carcinogenic PAHs (∑7c-PAHs) accounted 67.4% to the total PAHs. Diagnostic ratios of individual PAHs and LMW PAHs to HMW PAHs ratio were calculated and applied to assess the possible sources of PAHs which, indicates the mixed pyrogenic activities such as petroleum, biomass and coal combustion are the main contributors. Although, concentrations of individual PAHs were lower than the guideline values but, the concentrations of some high molecular weight PAHs were higher at the locations in the vicinity of industrial areas and there is probable some risk to human health.
Distribution, composition profiles and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated in roadside soils from Delhi, India. PAH determination was made by Sonication extraction and chromatographic clean-up with final analysis by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet-diode array detector (HPLC-UV-DAD).The average concentration of ∑PAHs was 6838.6±3528.4 µg kg -1 and ranged between 81.6 to 45017.4 µg kg -1 . Seven possible carcinogenic PAHs (∑7c-PAHs) accounted 67.4% to the total PAHs. Diagnostic ratios of individual PAHs and LMW PAHs to HMW PAHs ratio were calculated and applied to assess the possible sources of PAHs which, indicates the mixed pyrogenic activities such as petroleum, biomass and coal combustion are the main contributors. Although, concentrations of individual PAHs were lower than the guideline values but, the concentrations of some high molecular weight PAHs were higher at the locations in the vicinity of industrial areas and there is probable some risk to human health.
Effect of Vehicle Exhaust on the Quantity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) In Soil
Environmental monitoring and assessment, 2008
PAHs are formed during the incomplete combustion of organic substances containing carbon and hydrogen and are one of the first atmospheric pollutants identified as carcinogens. Most of the PAH environmental burden is found in the soil (95%). Soil samples collected from different roadsides were analyzed for seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The quantitative and qualitative analysis was carried out by UV Spectrophotometer. The individual PAH value ranged from 0.1 to 18.0 mg/kg. Phenenthrene and Pyrene were found to be the most abundant compounds. Vehicle emissions are the principal source of PAH in the Roadside soils. The highest concentration was found at site S2 (Hasthtnagri Roadside) which shows the highest traffic density.