Electronic cigarette aerosol increases the risk of organ dysfunction by enhancing oxidative stress and inflammation (original) (raw)
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Electronic cigarettes and lung toxicity
The Southwest Respiratory and Critical Care Chronicles, 2017
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in the United States has steadily increasedsince their introduction into the market in 2007. These devices deliver nicotine through thevaporization of a liquid which contains a vehicle (propylene glycol or glycerin), artificialflavoring, and nicotine. The combustion of these liquids creates a vapor containing particulates,multiple chemicals, and nicotine. The long-term safety of these products is unknown. Studiesin healthy, non-smoking volunteers and smokers with no clinical pulmonary disease havedemonstrated that the inhalation of e-cigarette vapor has minimal short-term effects onpulmonary function. The exposure of cell cultures to e-cigarette liquid or aerosols has beenshown to reduce cell viability, induce cytokine production, and cause oxidative stress. Theexposure of animals (mice and rats) to e-cigarette aerosols induces inflammatory responsesin the lungs and delays the clearance of bacterial and viral challenges. There are a sm...
Electronic Cigarette (E-Cigarette) Using: Toxicological Aspects
Eurasian Journal of Pulmonology, 2017
INTRODUCTION Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), which can be as also called "personal vaporizer", "vape pen", "e-waterpipe", or "e-cigarette", have become increasingly popular in recent years (1). The supporters of ENDS argue that the users are exposed to lesser chemicals, and these systems help quit smoking, and thus, ENDSs are safer than cigarettes (2). E-cigarette is a product that looks like a cigarette, gives a cigarette-like feeling, but unlike cigarettes, it does not burn tobacco. E-cigarettes are devices that consist of a solution of nicotine and other flavors (such as chocolate, coffee, mint, or fruity tobacco varieties) in a liquid containing propylene glycol (PG) and/or vegetable glycerol and a battery is used to evaporate this liquid mixture. While smoking, an apparent vapor comes into view, but it is not like the usual cigarette smoke (3). Analyses made by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have shown that e-cigarette contains carcinogens such as nitrosamines, diethylene glycol, and tobacco-specific compounds, such as anabasine, myosmine, and β-nicotin, which can be harmful to humans. In addition to the FDA report, some researchers have reported that e-cigarette smoke may contain metals such as mercury in addition to volatile compounds such as acetaldehyde. World Health Organization (WHO) reports that there is no scientific evidence confirming the effect and safety of e-cigarettes (4, 5). Despite the studies comparing the toxic compounds contained in the smoke of cigarette and e-cigarette (6, 7), the number of studies on e-cigarette and its effects on human health is rather limited, as it is new. In a study from Germany, due to the use of e-cigarette in closed-area emissions, volatile organic chemicals, such as 1,2-propanediol and nicotine, and fragrant substances were detected (8). The results of the study have shown that e-cigarette may contain the same toxic and carcinogenic compounds as the conventional cigarettes such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), diethylene glycol, and nitrosamines (Tables 1, 2). Potential health risks of the chemicals contained in e-cigarettes E-cigarette is suggested to be a more reliable alternative in comparison to the conventional cigarette (10). Researches have been made to determine the threshold limit value (TLV) for e-cigarette and the toxicity risks related to the usage at work places. When compared with smoke from cigarettes, harmful compounds were found to be 9 to 450 times less in smoke from e-cigarette (Table 3) (11). Since e-cigarette smoke remains in the air for a short time, the risk of passive exposure is greatly reduced. For this
Respiratory Impact of Electronic Cigarettes and Low-Risk Tobacco
Revista de investigaci�n Cl�nica, 2019
Electronic cigarettes, handheld devices that generate an aerosol that may contain nicotine by heating a solution or e-liquid, have been increasingly used especially in the young population. The aerosol's composition is determined by temperature, and by the substances contained in the heated liquid: glycerin, propylene glycol, nicotine in variable concentrations, flavoring agents, and other non-nicotine compounds. >80 compounds (including known toxics, e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, metallic nanoparticles, and acrolein) have been found in e-liquid and aerosols. Airway irritation, mucus hypersecretion, and inflammatory response, including systemic changes, have been observed after the exposure to e-cigarettes, leading to an increase in respiratory symptoms and changes in respiratory function and the host defense mechanisms. E-cigarette has been linked with an increase of symptoms in individuals with asthma, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. One of the major concerns in public health is the rise in e-cigarette experimentation among never-smokers, especially children and adolescents, which leads to nicotine addiction and increases the chances of becoming with time a conventional smoker. There is an urgent need to regulate e-cigarettes and electronic nicotine delivery systems, at least with the same restrictions to those applied to tobacco products, and not to consider them as harmless products.
The Central European Journal of Medicine , 2020
Background There has been growing concern over the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in recent years. Although advocated as an aid to smoking cessation , there is increasing evidence of harm not just to the respiratory system, but to all other organs in the body. To give a clearer picture on how e-cigarettes can affect our health, we gathered an overview of the literature on the various health effects of e-cigarettes and categorized them into how they specifically affect organ systems. E-cigarette exposure has produced a range of stress and inflammatory reactions in the pulmonary system, including shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, bronchial and pulmonary irritations, and impaired pulmonary function. In the oral and gastrointesti-nal system, gingival inflammation, sore throat, nausea , vomiting, and diarrhea have been reported. Increased tachycardia and blood pressure were reported reactions in the cardiovascular system. In the neuro-logical system headaches, irritability, anxiety, depen-R. Seiler-Ramadas, M. A., M.Sc. () · I. Sandner · S. Haider, Mag.rer.nat., PhD · I. Grabovac, Dr.med. dence and insomnia were observed. Other effects included ocular irritation, contact dermatitis, acute re-nal insufficiency, toxicity and potential carcinogenic-ity. Nevertheless, studies have found improvements in time-based memory and nicotine withdrawal associated with the cessation of conventional cigarette smoking and switching to e-cigarette use. Also, toxic and carcinogenic metabolites were reportedly lower in e-cigarette smokers than in conventional cigarette smokers. Conclusion A growing number of studies are showing the adverse effects caused by e-cigarettes on all human organ systems. Further research on the chemical components, the diverse flavors, and the long-term effects on active and passive users are needed to clarify the implications of e-cigarette use on individual and public health.
E-cigarette aerosols induce lower oxidative stress in vitro when compared to tobacco smoke
Toxicology mechanisms and methods, 2016
Tobacco smoking is a risk factor for various diseases. The underlying cellular mechanisms are not fully characterized, but include oxidative stress, apoptosis, and necrosis. Electronic-cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have emerged as an alternative to and a possible means to reduce harm from tobacco smoking. E-cigarette vapor contains significantly lower levels of toxicants than cigarette smoke, but standardized methods to assess cellular responses to exposure are not well established. We investigated whether an in vitro model of the airway epithelium (human bronchial epithelial cells) and commercially available assays could differentiate cellular stress responses to aqueous aerosol extracts (AqE) generated from cigarette smoke and e-cigarette aerosols. After exposure to AqE concentrations of 0.063-0.500 puffs/mL, we measured the intracellular glutathione ratio (GSH:GSSG), intracellular generation of oxidant species, and activation of the nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-co...
ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE TOXICITY AND RISK FOR EVALI AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW (Atena Editora)
ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE TOXICITY AND RISK FOR EVALI AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW (Atena Editora), 2022
Electronic cigarettes (EC) have emerged as an alternative to restricting the consumption of traditional cigarettes. Its composition has numerous substances such as nicotine, flavorings, flavorings and even tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and the diversity of constituents is one of the reasons why its consumption becomes attractive among the population. However, the use of EC has been responsible for triggering cases of a pathology called electronic cigarette-induced lung injury (EVALI). Thus, the present work aims to discuss the toxicity of EC and its relationship with the development of EVALI. A qualitative approach was carried out in the form of integrative literature review, whose searches were carried out in the Pubmed, Periódicos Capes and VHL databases. It was found that one of the main substances related to EVALI is tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E), which when inhaled causes inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in cells. It is concluded with this review that the chemical substances used in EC have diversified toxic potential, causing from coughing or dyspnea, to the development of EVALI with potential lethality. However, studies on EC components and their relationship with EVALI are still limited and hampered by the lack of standardization in the association between constituents. Given the scarcity of studies that address the issue in question in Brazil, more studies are needed to elucidate the toxicity of substances contained in EC and its relationship with EVALI.
During the last decade electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have been studied as an alternative devices to the tobacco cigarette, but with better safety for the health of smokers, so as to create a new approach to smoking addiction, such as the “smoking harm reduction”. This new approach, suggested by a part of the scientific world, aroused interest and debates in the regulatory field, involving all the major regulatory bodies and often creating divergences from nation to nation on the rules driving the production, distribution and consumption of these alternative products. Many studies have been conducted both in vitro and in vivo, to clarify the effects of the e-cigarette compared to the classic one. In this context, the Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of HArm Reduction (CoEHAR) was established within the University of Catania (Italy) and the multi-center project, created under its leadership, the REPLICA project, which aims to replicate in vitro studies originally condu...
E-cigarettes induce toxicological effects that can raise the cancer risk OPEN
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are devices designed to deliver nicotine in a vaping solution rather than smoke and without tobacco combustion. Perceived as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes, e-cigs are aggressively marketed as lifestyle-choice consumables, thanks to few restrictions and a lack of regulatory guidelines. E-cigs have also gained popularity among never-smokers and teenagers, becoming an emergent public health issue. Despite the burgeoning worldwide consumption of e-cigs, their safety remains largely unproven and it is unknown whether these devices cause in vivo toxicological effects that could contribute to cancer. Here we demonstrate the co-mutagenic and cancer-initiating effects of e-cig vapour in a rat lung model. We found that e-cigs have a powerful booster effect on phase-I carcinogen-bioactivating enzymes, including activators of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and increase oxygen free radical production and DNA oxidation to 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine. Furthermore, we found that e-cigs damage DNA not only at chromosomal level in peripheral blood, such as strand breaks in leucocytes and micronuclei formation in reticulocytes, but also at gene level such as point mutations in urine. Our results demonstrate that exposure to e-cigs could endanger human health, particularly among younger more vulnerable consumers.
PLOS ONE, 2015
Oxidative stress and inflammatory response are the key events in the pathogenesis of chronic airway diseases. The consumption of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) with a variety of e-liquids/e-juices is alarmingly increasing without the unrealized potential harmful health effects. We hypothesized that electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS)/e-cigs pose health concerns due to oxidative toxicity and inflammatory response in lung cells exposed to their aerosols. The aerosols produced by vaporizing ENDS e-liquids exhibit oxidant reactivity suggesting oxidants or reactive oxygen species (OX/ROS) may be inhaled directly into the lung during a "vaping" session. These OX/ROS are generated through activation of the heating element which is affected by heating element status (new versus used), and occurs during the process of e-liquid vaporization. Unvaporized e-liquids were oxidative in a manner dependent on flavor additives, while flavors containing sweet or fruit flavors were stronger oxidizers than tobacco flavors. In light of OX/ROS generated in ENDS e-liquids and aerosols, the effects of ENDS aerosols on tissues and cells of the lung were measured. Exposure of human airway epithelial cells (H292) in an air-liquid interface to ENDS aerosols from a popular device resulted in increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-8. Furthermore, human lung fibroblasts exhibited stress and morphological change in response to treatment with ENDS/e-liquids. These cells also secrete increased IL-8 in response to a cinnamon flavored e-liquid and are susceptible to loss of cell viability by ENDS e-liquids. Finally, exposure of wild type C57BL/6J mice to aerosols produced from a popular e-cig increase pro-inflammatory cytokines and diminished lung glutathione levels which are critical in maintaining cellular redox balance. Thus, exposure to e-cig aerosols/ juices incurs measurable oxidative and inflammatory responses in lung cells and tissues that could lead to unrealized health consequences.