Sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust in a tropical Asian mega-city, Bangkok, Thailand (original) (raw)
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Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2019
In this study, we determined the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust from Myanmar, Japan, Taiwan, and Vietnam. PAHs were detected in urban and rural areas of Myanmar at mean concentrations of 630 ng/g dry weight and 200 ng/g dry weight, respectively. PAHs were also detected in road dust from Vietnam (mean 1700 ng/g) and Taiwan (2400 ng/g). PAH diagnostic ratios suggested that fossil fuel vehicular exhaust and biomass combustion are major sources of PAHs in road dust in Myanmar. Road dust samples from Japan, Taiwan, and Vietnam had similar PAH diagnostic ratios, implying that PAH sources are similar. We assessed the human health risks posed by PAHs in road dust using carcinogenic equivalents (CEQs) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR). Mean CEQs were decreased in the order Taiwan (173 ng/g) > Vietnam (162 ng/g for Hanoi) > Myanmar (42 and 31 ng/g for Yangon and Pathein, respectively) > Japan (30 ng/g for Kumamoto). Benz[a]pyrene, fluoranthene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene, the predominant PAHs, contributed > 70% of total CEQs. High ILCR values were found for Taiwan (5.9 × 10 −4 and 9.9 × 10 −4 for children and adults, respectively) and Vietnam (6.5 × 10 −4 and 9.2 × 10 −4 for children and adults, respectively, in Hanoi), indicating that PAHs in road dust pose cancer risks to the inhabitants of Taiwan and Hanoi. To our knowledge, this is the first report to identify PAH pollution in the environment and to evaluate the human health risks of these PAHs in Myanmar. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants that have been detected in a wide range of environmental matrices (Yunker et al. 2002; Wang et al. 1999; Nakata et al. 2014). PAHs have petrogenic and pyrogenic * Haruhiko Nakata
This study is considered to be the first investigation of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in terms of distribution and sources identification for three land-use in Babylon governorate, Iraq. Potential sources of 16 US EPA priority PAHs were identified by employing diagnostic ratio as well as principal component analysis (PCA) method. Additionally, Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) model was determined in order to assess the risk exposure to the individual PAHs in street dust (SD). Findings in three land-use indicated that the total sixteen PAHs concentrations in the samples were 555.9, 1388, 1221.8 µg Kg for Residential Area, Industrial Area, and Commercial area, respectively, with an average of 1055 µg Kg. Moreover, study findings pointed out that the percentages of both LMW and HMW (included MMW) in the street dust were accounted for 38.3% and 61.7% of the total PAHs, respectively. Two components are founded in the PCA with HMW accounted for 75.8% of the total PAHs, and PAHs LMW contributed 24.2% of the total PAHs. Ratios results in nutshell indicated the predominance of pyrogenic source for sixteen PAHs. This suggested by possible sources such as the emission from a a b c, d Share Cite −1 −1 Download 5/9/2021 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban street dust within three land-uses of Babylon governorate, Iraq: Distribution, sources, a… https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018363920303391?via%3Dihub 2/27 vehicles, regular gas and fuel combustion activities, as well as coal and wood, were the major cause of 16 principal PAHs in SD samples in all three land-use in Babylon governorate. Results from ILCR model stated that total cancer risk for both targeted individuals exposed to SD in all land-use is more than 10 that is referred to increase potential health risk. The PAHs contamination in Babylon governorate needs urgently to be addressed on priority. Moreover, this work is beneficial for Babylon governorate to utilize it as a benchmark for future research.
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright a b s t r a c t This study identified concentrations, molecular distributions, toxicities, and sources of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust from different areas of Ulsan, the largest industrial city in Korea. The total PAH concentrations in industrial areas were dependent on industrial emissions and vehicular exhaust, while those in urban areas were mainly dependent on traffic density, sampling site location, and accumulation of pollutants or road dust. The PAH concentration of each particle size group increased with decreasing particle size. This may be because of the higher surface area available for deposition or coating of PAHs in road dust with smaller particle sizes. The molecular distributions of PAHs among the sites in the petrochemical area and heavy traffic area were similar because of the similarities in their emission sources. The toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQs) of PAHs in the road dust ranged from 0.93 lg/g to 16.74 lg/g in industrial areas and from 4.37 lg/g to 68.84 lg/g in urban areas. The correlation coefficient of total PAH concentration and TEQ in urban areas was 0.98, which was much higher than that in industrial areas where it was 0.75. Principal component analysis showed that PAHs in road dust from Ulsan originate from four main sources: diesel vehicular emissions, oil combustion, gasoline vehicular emissions, and coal combustion.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust pose a serious problem threatening both environment and human health. Street dust were collected from five different land use patterns (traffic areas TRA, urban area URA, residential areas REA, mixed residential commercial areas MCRA and suburban areas SUA) in a Saudi coastal city, Jeddah, and one in rural area (RUA) in Hada Al Sham. This study aimed to investigate the status, profile, sources of PAHs and estimate their human health risk. The results revealed an average concentration of total PAHs of 3320 ng/g in street dust of Jeddah and 223 ng/g in RUA dust. PAHs with high molecular weight represented 83.38% of total PAHs in street dust of Jeddah, while the carcinogenic PAH compounds accounted 57.84%. The highest average concentration of total PAHs in street dust of Jeddah was found in TRA (4980 ng/g) and the lowest in REA (1660 ng/g). PAHs ratios indicated that the principal source of PAHs in street dust of Jeddah is pyrogeni...
2014
Status and composition of PAHs in urban surface dust were studied.∑ PAHs distribution correlated closely with the different human activities.Composition pattern of PAHs was characterized with lower molecular weight PAHs.Individual PAH ratios and PCA were used to investigate source of PAHs.Human health risk of exposure to surface dust PAH via three pathways was assessed.The status, source and health risk of street-dust-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lanzhou of Northwest China were investigated. The total level of the 21 PAHs ranged from 1470 to 13,700 µg kg−1 and that of the 16 priority PAHs from 1240 to 10,700 µg kg−1. Higher levels of PAHs were mainly distributed in the Chengguan and Qilihe districts at Lanzhou central areas, and the lower levels were in Anning and Xigu districts. The level of seven potential carcinogenic PAHs generally accounted for 35–40 percent of total PAHs, and the PAHs contained two to four rings, mainly phenanthrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and fluoranthene. The total level of PAHs increased with the decreasing particle size in the street dust. The correlation analysis suggested that the total organic carbon (TOC) was only slightly affected the PAH accumulation in street dust. The isomer ratios and principal component analysis indicated that the dust-borne PAHs in the dust were derived primarily from the combustion of biomass, coal and petroleum emission. The toxic equivalent concentrations (BaPeq) of dust-borne PAHs ranged from 115 to 827 µg BaPeq kg−1, with a mean of 300 µg BaPeq kg−1. The 95 percent upper confidence limit of Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk due to human exposure to urban surface dust-borne PAHs in Lanzhou urban area was 2.031×10−6 for children and 1.935×10−6 for adults.
Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2018
Sixty-four and fifty-six road dust samples were collected over two seasons from various locations throughout the island of Trinidad and analyzed for the 16 priority PAHs. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 21 ng g ¡1 to 4723 ng g ¡1 (d.w.) for the rainy season and 36 ng g ¡1 to 2428 ng g ¡1 (d.w.) for the dry season. The S4-6 ring PAHs accounted for 88% and 63% of the 16 PAHs in road dust samples for the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. PAH diagnostic ratios, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis revealed both pyrogenic and petrogenic sources in road dust for the two seasons, with major contributions from vehicular emissions. Contributions from incomplete combustion and petroleum sources were also identified. The estimated Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) associated with exposure to road dust PAHs in Trinidad for the rainy and dry seasons indicated no potential risk for both children and adults, as denoted by ILCR values lower than 10 ¡6 .
International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2022
Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in urban soils of Ahvaz metropolis to assess the contamination, distribution, potential sources, and related health risks for local residents. For this purpose, a total of 39 topsoil samples from different parts of the city were collected and analyzed for PAHs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. PAHs analysis revealed that 4-rings PAHs are the dominant compounds. Distribution maps revealed that outlet roads of the city and an area in city center, particularly an industrial area at Southwest of the city, West Saheli street, Pasdaran Blvd, Ahvaz-Ramhormoz Police Station, Khorramshahr bus terminal, and Daneshgah Square, are the contamination hotspots. PAHs diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA) showed both petrogenic and pyrogenic sources for these compounds, although, the results indicated the dominance of pyrogenic (combustion) origin, particularly traffic emission, incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and gasoline emissions. Furthermore, calculation of toxic equivalents and cancer risk showed a high carcinogenic risk especially through dermal contact and ingestion pathways; however, compared with adults, children faced more cancer risk in their daily life through their unconscious ingestion and dermal contact pathway.
Environmental Pollution, 2014
Methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MePAHs), unsubstituted PAHs and AhR-mediated activities were determined in street dust collected from Vietnam and India using a combined approach of chemical analysis and in vitro reporter gene assay. MePAHs and PAHs diagnostic ratios indicated that the main sources of MePAHs in Vietnam were pyrogenic emissions, whereas in India there were mixed sources of pyrogenic and petrogenic emissions. AhR-mediated activities determined by using DR-CALUX assay were observed in urban street dust at mean 40, 29 and 20 ng CALUX-TEQ/g dw for Hanoi, Bangalore and New Delhi, respectively. MePAHs and PAHs contributed only 5% or less to AhR-mediated activity in street dust, indicating the occurrence of unknown AhR agonists. The principal contributors to Theoretical-TEQs among target compounds were methyl benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]-and benzo [k] fluoranthene. The present study indicates importance of MePAHs in evaluation of toxic risk related to AhR-mediated activity in urban polluted areas.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road dust, Afghanistan: Implications for human health
Chemosphere, 2018
h i g h l i g h t s Aerial and road dust samples were collected from Kabul and Jalalabad cities. Total 17PAHs concentrations were higher in road dust than aerial dusts. High molecular PAHs were higher in road and aerial dusts than low molecular PAHs. BaP and DahA together contributed >50% of the BaP eq associated cancer risk. The estimated ILCR from exposure to dust was negligible for children and adults. a b s t r a c t Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in road and aerial dust to assess their concentration , composition profile, distribution, emission sources, and potential human health risks. Sixteen priority PAHs and Benzo [e]pyrene (BeP) were analyzed in 13 aerial dust samples from Jalalabad, and 78 road dust samples from Kabul and Jalalabad cities, Afghanistan. The mean concentration of P 17PAHs in road dust from Kabul and Jalalabad were 427 mg kg À1 and 288 mg kg À1 , respectively whereas P 17PAHs in aerial dust from Jalalabad averaged 200 mg kg À1. Fluoranthene (Flu), Chrysene (Chr), Benzo [b]fluo-ranthene (BbF), Benzo [k]fluoranthene (BkF) and BeP were major individual PAH species. The composition patterns of the PAHs were dominated by 5-6-ring PAHs (51% in road dust from Kabul; 44% in road dust from Jalalabad; and 44% in aerial dust) followed by 4-ring and 2-3-ring PAHs. Source apportionment of the road dust PAHs by the molecular diagnostic ratios (MDR) and principal component analysis (PCA), indicated signatures of PAHs sources (including vehicular exhaust, coal/wood combustion and oil spill). The Benzo [a]pyrene (BaP) toxicity equivalent values (BaP eq 17PAHs) for road dust were 75 mg kg À1 (Kabul) and 36 mg kg À1 (Jalalabad); and 35 mg kg À1 for aerial dust (Jalalabad). BaP and Dibenz [a,h] anthracene (DahA) together contributed > 50% of the BaP eq associated cancer risk. All incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) due to human exposure to road and aerial dust PAHs were in the order of 10 À7 , which is one-fold lower than the threshold (10 À6). The noncancerous risk (Hazard Index < 1) on exposure to dust was also negligible for both subpopulations.