Characteristics, toxicity, and source apportionment of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust of Ulsan, Korea (original) (raw)
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• This study assesses a comprehensive environmental risk of trace metals and PAHs pollution in road dust. • As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn contamination were found to be significantly elevated in Isfahan road dust. • Traffic is the major contributing source of road dust pollution. • Exposure to PAHs in road dust poses high cancer risk for Isfahan residents. a b s t r a c t This study investigates trace elements and PAHs content in road dust of Isfahan metropolis, central Iran. The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb and Zn are 22.15, 2.14, 182.26, 66.63, 393.33, 6.95 and 707.19 mg kg −1 , respectively. When compared with upper continental crust, the samples generally display elevated trace element concentrations, except for Co and Cr. The decreasing trend of calculated enrichment factors (EFs) is Cd N Pb N Sb N Zn N Cu N As N Ni N Cr N Co. Calculated potential ecological risk reveals that among the analyzed metals, Cd and Pb, have a higher potential ecological risk. Statistically, two identified main sources of trace elements include road traffic emissions and resuspension of soil particles. As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn in Isfahan road dust are strongly influenced by anthropogenic activity, mainly traffic emissions, while Co, Cr and Ni originate from resuspension of soil natural parent particles. The sum of 13 major PAHs (∑13PAHs) mass concentration ranges from 184.64 to 3221.72 μg kg −1 with the mean being 1074.58 μg kg −1. PAHs sources are identified using PCA analysis. It is demonstrated that the PAHs in Isfahan road dust are mainly derived from traffic emission, coal combustion and petroleum. Toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQs) of PAHs in the road dust ranges between 25.021 μg kg −1 and 230.893 μg kg −1. High correlation coefficients (r 2 = 0.909 and 0.822, p b 0.01) between Benzo[a]pyrene, Benzo[b + k]fluoranthene and toxicity equivalent concentrations of road dust indicate that Benzo[a]pyrene and Benzo[b + k]fluoranthenes are major TEQ contributors. The total incremental life time cancer risk (ILCR) of exposure to PAHs from Isfahan metropolis urban dust is 4.85 × 10 −4 for adult and 5.02 × 10 −4 for children. Estimated results of ILCR indicate that Isfahan residents are potentially exposed to high cancer risk via both dust ingestion and dermal contact.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2019
In this study, we determined the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust from Myanmar, Japan, Taiwan, and Vietnam. PAHs were detected in urban and rural areas of Myanmar at mean concentrations of 630 ng/g dry weight and 200 ng/g dry weight, respectively. PAHs were also detected in road dust from Vietnam (mean 1700 ng/g) and Taiwan (2400 ng/g). PAH diagnostic ratios suggested that fossil fuel vehicular exhaust and biomass combustion are major sources of PAHs in road dust in Myanmar. Road dust samples from Japan, Taiwan, and Vietnam had similar PAH diagnostic ratios, implying that PAH sources are similar. We assessed the human health risks posed by PAHs in road dust using carcinogenic equivalents (CEQs) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR). Mean CEQs were decreased in the order Taiwan (173 ng/g) > Vietnam (162 ng/g for Hanoi) > Myanmar (42 and 31 ng/g for Yangon and Pathein, respectively) > Japan (30 ng/g for Kumamoto). Benz[a]pyrene, fluoranthene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene, the predominant PAHs, contributed > 70% of total CEQs. High ILCR values were found for Taiwan (5.9 × 10 −4 and 9.9 × 10 −4 for children and adults, respectively) and Vietnam (6.5 × 10 −4 and 9.2 × 10 −4 for children and adults, respectively, in Hanoi), indicating that PAHs in road dust pose cancer risks to the inhabitants of Taiwan and Hanoi. To our knowledge, this is the first report to identify PAH pollution in the environment and to evaluate the human health risks of these PAHs in Myanmar. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants that have been detected in a wide range of environmental matrices (Yunker et al. 2002; Wang et al. 1999; Nakata et al. 2014). PAHs have petrogenic and pyrogenic * Haruhiko Nakata
2014
Status and composition of PAHs in urban surface dust were studied.∑ PAHs distribution correlated closely with the different human activities.Composition pattern of PAHs was characterized with lower molecular weight PAHs.Individual PAH ratios and PCA were used to investigate source of PAHs.Human health risk of exposure to surface dust PAH via three pathways was assessed.The status, source and health risk of street-dust-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lanzhou of Northwest China were investigated. The total level of the 21 PAHs ranged from 1470 to 13,700 µg kg−1 and that of the 16 priority PAHs from 1240 to 10,700 µg kg−1. Higher levels of PAHs were mainly distributed in the Chengguan and Qilihe districts at Lanzhou central areas, and the lower levels were in Anning and Xigu districts. The level of seven potential carcinogenic PAHs generally accounted for 35–40 percent of total PAHs, and the PAHs contained two to four rings, mainly phenanthrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and fluoranthene. The total level of PAHs increased with the decreasing particle size in the street dust. The correlation analysis suggested that the total organic carbon (TOC) was only slightly affected the PAH accumulation in street dust. The isomer ratios and principal component analysis indicated that the dust-borne PAHs in the dust were derived primarily from the combustion of biomass, coal and petroleum emission. The toxic equivalent concentrations (BaPeq) of dust-borne PAHs ranged from 115 to 827 µg BaPeq kg−1, with a mean of 300 µg BaPeq kg−1. The 95 percent upper confidence limit of Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk due to human exposure to urban surface dust-borne PAHs in Lanzhou urban area was 2.031×10−6 for children and 1.935×10−6 for adults.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road dust, Afghanistan: Implications for human health
Chemosphere, 2018
h i g h l i g h t s Aerial and road dust samples were collected from Kabul and Jalalabad cities. Total 17PAHs concentrations were higher in road dust than aerial dusts. High molecular PAHs were higher in road and aerial dusts than low molecular PAHs. BaP and DahA together contributed >50% of the BaP eq associated cancer risk. The estimated ILCR from exposure to dust was negligible for children and adults. a b s t r a c t Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in road and aerial dust to assess their concentration , composition profile, distribution, emission sources, and potential human health risks. Sixteen priority PAHs and Benzo [e]pyrene (BeP) were analyzed in 13 aerial dust samples from Jalalabad, and 78 road dust samples from Kabul and Jalalabad cities, Afghanistan. The mean concentration of P 17PAHs in road dust from Kabul and Jalalabad were 427 mg kg À1 and 288 mg kg À1 , respectively whereas P 17PAHs in aerial dust from Jalalabad averaged 200 mg kg À1. Fluoranthene (Flu), Chrysene (Chr), Benzo [b]fluo-ranthene (BbF), Benzo [k]fluoranthene (BkF) and BeP were major individual PAH species. The composition patterns of the PAHs were dominated by 5-6-ring PAHs (51% in road dust from Kabul; 44% in road dust from Jalalabad; and 44% in aerial dust) followed by 4-ring and 2-3-ring PAHs. Source apportionment of the road dust PAHs by the molecular diagnostic ratios (MDR) and principal component analysis (PCA), indicated signatures of PAHs sources (including vehicular exhaust, coal/wood combustion and oil spill). The Benzo [a]pyrene (BaP) toxicity equivalent values (BaP eq 17PAHs) for road dust were 75 mg kg À1 (Kabul) and 36 mg kg À1 (Jalalabad); and 35 mg kg À1 for aerial dust (Jalalabad). BaP and Dibenz [a,h] anthracene (DahA) together contributed > 50% of the BaP eq associated cancer risk. All incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) due to human exposure to road and aerial dust PAHs were in the order of 10 À7 , which is one-fold lower than the threshold (10 À6). The noncancerous risk (Hazard Index < 1) on exposure to dust was also negligible for both subpopulations.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ΣPAHs) were varied from 1250.41-4249.29 ng/g, with an average value of 2809.46 ng/g in street dust of Khamis-Mushait. A maximum concentration of fossil PAHs (ΣFPAHs) was recorded at incinerator and industrial areas representing 69.62% of ΣPAHs. However, the maximum concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs (ΣCARC) and combustion PAHs (ΣCOMB) were recorded at King Fahd Garden and Al-Hayat National Hospital areas, representing 41.70% and 27.46% of ΣPAHs, respectively. Naphthalene (NAP), Acenaphthylene (ACY) and Acenaphthene (ACE) were > (effective range low (ERL). However, ACE was > effective range medium (ERM), ACY, ACE, DBA(dibenzo anthracene) were > Probable Effect Level (PEL). In addition, NAP, fluoranthene (FLT), pyrene (PYR) and benzo(a)pyren (BaP) were > threshold effect level (TEL). The Hazardous indices (HI) for both children and adults were in the following order: ACE > ACY > NAP > PYR > fluorene (FLR) > FLT > benzo(g...
Science of the Total …, 2007
We collected samples of roadside air, automobile exhaust soot, tires, asphalt, and used engine oil in a tropical Asian mega-city, Bangkok, Thailand, and analyzed them for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hopanes. The concentrations and compositions of PAHs and hopanes were utilized to identify the sources of PAHs in street dust, in which high concentrations of PAHs were reported in our previous study. Weight-based concentrations of total PAHs had the following order: gasoline-powered vehicle soot (2600 ± 2900 μg/g; n = 4) N diesel-powered vehicle soot (115 ± 245 μg/g; n = 7) ≈ roadside aerosols (101 ± 35 μg/g; n = 5) ≈ used engine oil (97 ± 65 μg/g; n = 4) ≈ tire wear particles (82 ± 41 μg/g; n = 5) N asphalt (2.3 ± 1.6 μg/g; n = 3) N street dust (1.1 ± 0.8 μg/g; n = 10). In cluster analysis, all the source materials fell into different clusters from that in which street dust fell, indicating that multiple source materials contribute to PAHs in the street dust. Multiple regression analysis of PAH profiles and diagnostics of hopane compositions identified tire debris as the major contributor of PAHs to street dust, followed by diesel vehicle exhaust.
International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2022
Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in urban soils of Ahvaz metropolis to assess the contamination, distribution, potential sources, and related health risks for local residents. For this purpose, a total of 39 topsoil samples from different parts of the city were collected and analyzed for PAHs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. PAHs analysis revealed that 4-rings PAHs are the dominant compounds. Distribution maps revealed that outlet roads of the city and an area in city center, particularly an industrial area at Southwest of the city, West Saheli street, Pasdaran Blvd, Ahvaz-Ramhormoz Police Station, Khorramshahr bus terminal, and Daneshgah Square, are the contamination hotspots. PAHs diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA) showed both petrogenic and pyrogenic sources for these compounds, although, the results indicated the dominance of pyrogenic (combustion) origin, particularly traffic emission, incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and gasoline emissions. Furthermore, calculation of toxic equivalents and cancer risk showed a high carcinogenic risk especially through dermal contact and ingestion pathways; however, compared with adults, children faced more cancer risk in their daily life through their unconscious ingestion and dermal contact pathway.
This study is considered to be the first investigation of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in terms of distribution and sources identification for three land-use in Babylon governorate, Iraq. Potential sources of 16 US EPA priority PAHs were identified by employing diagnostic ratio as well as principal component analysis (PCA) method. Additionally, Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) model was determined in order to assess the risk exposure to the individual PAHs in street dust (SD). Findings in three land-use indicated that the total sixteen PAHs concentrations in the samples were 555.9, 1388, 1221.8 µg Kg for Residential Area, Industrial Area, and Commercial area, respectively, with an average of 1055 µg Kg. Moreover, study findings pointed out that the percentages of both LMW and HMW (included MMW) in the street dust were accounted for 38.3% and 61.7% of the total PAHs, respectively. Two components are founded in the PCA with HMW accounted for 75.8% of the total PAHs, and PAHs LMW contributed 24.2% of the total PAHs. Ratios results in nutshell indicated the predominance of pyrogenic source for sixteen PAHs. This suggested by possible sources such as the emission from a a b c, d Share Cite −1 −1 Download 5/9/2021 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban street dust within three land-uses of Babylon governorate, Iraq: Distribution, sources, a… https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018363920303391?via%3Dihub 2/27 vehicles, regular gas and fuel combustion activities, as well as coal and wood, were the major cause of 16 principal PAHs in SD samples in all three land-use in Babylon governorate. Results from ILCR model stated that total cancer risk for both targeted individuals exposed to SD in all land-use is more than 10 that is referred to increase potential health risk. The PAHs contamination in Babylon governorate needs urgently to be addressed on priority. Moreover, this work is beneficial for Babylon governorate to utilize it as a benchmark for future research.
Atmospheric Environment, 2002
The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric particles and roadside soil particles were measured at eight locations in the city center and the suburb of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Atmospheric particles were collected using high-volume PM-10 sampler on glass fiber filters over 24 h average sampling period. Both types of samples were extracted with dichloromethane by ultrasonic agitation. The extracts were then fractionated on an alumina-silica column and the aromatic fraction was subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis. Total PAH concentrations in the atmospheric particles and roadside soil particles were found to be 6.2874.35 ng m À3 and 0.2270.11 mg g À1 , respectively. Benzo [g,h,i]perylene and coronene were found to be the most abundant PAHs in airborne particles at all locations. The most abundant PAHs in the roadside soil particles were fluoranthene, pyrene and phenanthrene. r