Comparison of absolute and relative phisiological responses of cyclists and triathletes (original) (raw)

The effect of cycling followed by running on respiratory muscle performance in elite and competition triathletes

European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2002

This study investigated the possibility of there being differences in respiratory muscle strength and endurance in elite and competition triathletes who have similar maximal oxygen uptakes ( _ V V O 2max ) and ventilatory thresholds (Th vent ). Five internationally-ranked elite, [mean (SD) age 23.8 (1.4) years] and six nationallyand regionally-ranked competition [age 21.1 (1.1) years] male triathletes performed two successive trials: first an incremental cycle test to assess _ V V O 2max and Th vent and second 20 min of cycling followed by 20 min of running (C-R) at intensities higher than 85% _ V V O 2max . Cardioventilatory data were collected every minute during the two trials, using an automated breath-by-breath system. Maximal expiratory and inspiratory (P Imax ) strength were assessed before and 10 min after C-R from the functional residual capacity. Respiratory muscle endurance was assessed 1 day before and 30 min after C-R by measuring the time limit (t lim ). The results showed firstly that during C-R, the competition triathletes had significantly (P<0.05) higher minute ventilation [mean (SEM) 107.4 (3.1) compared to 99.8 (3.7) lAEmin -1 ], breathing frequency [44.4 (2.0) compared to 40.2 (3.4) AEmin -1 ] and heart rate [166 (3) compared to 159 (4) beatsAEmin -1 ] and secondly that after C-R, they had significantly lower P Imax [127.1 (4.2) compared to 130.7 (3.0) cmH 2 O] and t lim [2:35 (0:29) compared to 4:12 (0:20) min] than the elite triathletes. We conclude that, despite similar _ V V O 2max

Validation of a field test to determine the maximal aerobic power in triathletes and endurance cyclists

British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2007

Objective: To validate a field test to assess the maximal and submaximal exercise aerobic adaptation under specific conditions, for endurance modality cyclists and triathletes. Methods: 30 male and 4 female endurance modality cyclists and triathletes, with heterogeneous performance levels, performed three incremental tests: one in the laboratory and two in the field. Assessment of the validity of the field protocol was carried out by the Student's t test, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV) of the maximal variables (maximal aerobic speed (MAS), maximal aerobic power (MAP), maximal heart rate (HR max ), maximal blood lactate concentration ([La 2 ] max ) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max )) and submaximal variables (heart rate, HR) measured in each one of the tests. The errors in measurement were calculated. The repeatability of the field tests was assessed by means of the testretest of the two field tests, and the validity by means of the test-retest of the laboratory test with respect to the mean of the two field tests. Results: No significant differences were found between the two field tests for any of the variables studied, but differences did exist for some variables between the laboratory tests with respect to the field tests (MAP, [La 2 ] max , humidity (H), barometric pressure (Pb) and some characteristics of the protocols). The ICC of all the variables was high and the CV for the MAP was small. Furthermore, the measurement errors were small and therefore, assumable. Conclusions: The incremental protocol of the proposed field test turned out to be valid to assess the maximal and submaximal aerobic adaptation.

Submaximal Heart Rate Profile in Highly Trained Triathletes

2013

Rev.int.med.cienc.act.fís.deportevol.x número x ISSN: 1577-0354 2 Nine male triathletes (VO2max: 68.0 ± 2.0 mL·kg·min, age: 25 ± 1.9 years, weight: 68.3 ± 2.2 kg, height: 177.4 ± 2.2 cm), performed an incremental maximal cycle exercise test on three separate occasions corresponding to the start of the season, pre-competitive period, and competitive period. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2respectively) were assessed in each visit. Despite changes in the distribution of training among disciplines, total training time, training time per week, and intensity of the training, POmax, VO2max, submaximal HR, and lactate concentration remained stable throughout the season. Due to the stability displayed by the heart rate ventilatory thresholds relationship in our sample, we conclude that a single laboratory testing at the start of the season could be enough to prescribe training intensities (at least for cycling) based on heart rate zones in highly traine...

Physiological attributes of triathletes

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2010

Triathlons of all distances can be considered endurance events and consist of the individual disciplines of swimming, cycling and running which are generally completed in this sequential order. While it is expected that elite triathletes would possess high values for submaximal and maximal measures of aerobic fitness, little is known about how these values compare with those of single-sport endurance athletes. Earlier reviews, conducted in the 1980s, concluded that triathletes possessed lower V O 2 max values than other endurance athletes. An update of comparisons is of interest to determine if the physiological capacities of elite triathletes now reflect those of single-sport athletes or whether these physiological capacities are compromised by the requirement to cross-train for three different disciplines. It was found that although differences in the physiological attributes during swimming, cycling and running are evident among triathletes, those who compete at an international level possess V O 2 max values that are indicative of success in endurance-based individual sports. Furthermore, various physiological parameters at submaximal workloads have been used to describe the capacities of these athletes. Only a few studies have reported the lactate threshold among triathletes with the majority of studies reporting the ventilatory threshold. Although observed differences among triathletes for both these submaximal measures are complicated by the various methods used to determine them, the reported values for triathletes are similar to those for trained cyclists and runners. Thus, from the limited data available, it appears that triathletes are able to obtain similar physiological values as single-sport athletes despite dividing their training time among three disciplines.

Heart rate profile in highly trained triathletes

Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Fisica y del Deporte

Nine male triathletes (VO2max: 68.0 +/- 2.0 mL.kg(-1).min(-1), age: 25 +/- 1.9 years, weight: 68.3 +/- 2.2 kg, height: 177.4 +/- 2.2 cm), performed an incremental maximal cycle exercise test on three separate occasions corresponding to the start of the season, pre-competitive period, and competitive period. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT(2)respectively) were assessed in each visit. Despite changes in the distribution of training among disciplines, total training time, training time per week, and intensity of the training, POmax, VO2max, submaximal HR, and lactate concentration remained stable throughout the season. Due to the stability displayed by the heart rate ventilatory thresholds relationship in our sample, we conclude that a single laboratory testing at the start of the season could be enough to prescribe training intensities (at least for cycling) based on heart rate zones in highly trained triathletes. These results should be compared ...

Heart Rate Variability-Established Thresholds to Determine the Ventilatory and Lactate Thresholds of Endurance Athletes

International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 2023

This study aimed to determine the use of heart rate variability (HRV)-established thresholds to accurately estimate endurance athletes’ ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1), respiratory compensation point (RCP) and lactate threshold 2 (LT2). Eleven cyclists (aged: 23.7 ± 3.1 years) from the African Continental Development Cycling team and ten middle- and long-distance athletes (age: 21.2 ± 1.8 years) from a South African university participated in this study. Before the start of an incremental cycling or running maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) test each participant was fitted with a Fixed Polar HR Transmitter Belt and Monitor to determine the R-R intervals of the last 60 seconds of each stage. The Kubios HRV Premium software package was used to analyze the R-R-intervals. Blood samples were taken 30 seconds before the end of each stage and analyzed for blood lactate. Ventilatory threshold points were identified using the criteria of an increase in V̇E/V̇O2 with no increase in V̇E/V̇CO2 ( VT1) and an increase in both V̇E/V̇O2 and V̇E/V̇CO2 ( RCP). The LT2 was identified as the second increase in blood lactate concentration from one increment to the next. Concerning HRV thresholds, VT1 was determined at a DFAα1 value of 0.75, the first breakpoint in the standard deviation of the instantaneous (SD1) and continuous long-term RR interval (SD2) curves, the visual deflection in the squared root of the mean squared differences between successive R-R intervals (RMSSD) curve, and the first abrupt increase in high-frequency (HF) power x HF frequency. The RCP was detected at a DFAα1 value of 0.5 and the final abrupt increase in HF. The Bland-Altman plots revealed that the absolute power outputs at VT1SD1 and VT1RMSSD showed significant agreements with the absolute power outputs at VT1. Large paired-sample correlations were also found between the absolute power outputs at VT1SD1, VT1RMSSD and VT1. In conclusion, coaches, sport scientists and other professionals are encouraged to use SD1 and RMSSD to determine the VT1-related training program workloads of endurance-trained athletes, especially in areas where laboratories are not available.

Reproducibility of Cycling Time to Exhaustion at VO2 Max in Competitive Cyclists

faculty.css.edu

Reproducibility of Cycling Time to Exhaustion at VO 2 Max in Competitive Cyclists. JEPonline 2011; 14(1):28-34. The purpose of this study was to examine the reproducibility of cycling time to exhaustion (T max ) at maximum oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) in competitive cyclists. Seventeen subjects (age, 36.9 ± 7.8 yrs; body mass, 71.1 ± 10.1 kg; height, 1.73 ± 0.8 cm; body fat, 13.1 ± 5.7 %; VO 2 max, 54.7 ± 9.0 ml?kg -1 ?min -1 ) performed an incremental exercise test and two T max tests. While cycling time to exhaustion was correlated for both T max tests (r = 0.80, p = 0.01), the T max2 test (238.6 ± 33.5 sec) was significantly higher than the T max1 test (223.2 ± 31.3 sec, p < 0.02). Similarly, heart rate to exhaustion was correlated for both T max tests (r = 0.89, p = 0.01) but the difference failed to have any practical value (T max1 = 182 ± 8 vs. T max2 = 183 ± 7 bpm). The blood lactate peak from the first test (10.8 ± 2.0 mmol?l -1 ) was also correlated (r = 0.63, p = 0.07) without a significant difference between the two tests (9.8 ± 1.5 mmol?l -1 ). VO 2 peak for the first test (56.5 ± 9.1 ml?kg -1 ?min -1 ) was strongly correlated (r = 0.94, p = 0.06) and did not differ from the second test (54.6 ± 7.8 ml?kg -1 ?min -1 ). These data demonstrate that the time to exhaustion (T max ) at VO 2 max in a series of two cycling tests is significantly greater than the first.

Physiological and Somatic Principal Components Determining VO2max in the Annual Training Cycle of Endurance Athletes

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022

The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of training on the physiological variables achieved during the test effort in the macrocycle of road cyclists and their use in the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) prediction at individual training stages in the VO2max test. Nine well-trained male cyclists (age 25.6 ± 5.2 years and body weight 72.4 ± 7.35 kg) participated in the study and each phase of the macrocycle was followed by a time to exhaustion test (TTE) on the bicycle ergometer. The research showed that training loads significantly influence the maximum power (PPO), ventilation (VE) in the preparatory period (T1), time of the test (TTmax) at the start of the competition period (T2), percentage of body fat in total body weight (%FAT) and skeletal muscle mass (MMS) during the competition period (T3). Of the 16 variables taken for the analysis of the principal components (PC), the regression model determined one principal variable responsible for VO2max in the training macrocyc...

Time to Exhaustion at 90 and 100% VO2MAX and Physiological Determinants of 3 KM Performance in Elite Cyclists

European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 2021

The minimal power that elicits VO2max and the time to exhaustion (tlimit) at this workload appear to determine cyclists’ endurance capabilities, analyze performance and help coaches to design training. Data in the literature are limited so as to elucidate this. The aim of this study was to investigate the tlimit at the power output, which corresponds to 90 (tlimit 90) and 100% VO2max (tlimit 100) in elite endurance cyclists. The contribution of tlimit in 3 km indoor individual time trial was also studied. Subjects were eleven elite male road cyclists (age 17.7  0.5 years, body mass 66.8  4.9 kg, body height 176.3  7.4 cm, VO2max 69.77  2.58 ml.kg-1.min-1). Power output at 90 and 100% VO2max was determined by continuous incremental testing. This protocol had steps of 2 min and increments of 30 W. The exhaustive trials tlimit 90 or tlimit 100 were performed in random order at least five days apart. Five days after the last exhaustive trial, cyclists performed an individual 3 km ti...