The effect of cycling followed by running on respiratory muscle performance in elite and competition triathletes (original) (raw)
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Physiological profile of elite triathletes: a comparison between young and professional competitors
Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 2009
The aim of the present work was to compare the cardiorespiratory response of two high level groups of triathletes of different age during a simulation of a cycling-running succession. The two groups, G1 (n=6; age 23.8 ± 5.6 years; weight 71.2 ± 8.7 kg; height 180.0 ± 8.8 cm) and G2 (n=9; age 15.2 ± 0.7 years; weight 60.2 ± 6.8 kg; height 173.6 ± 6.4 cm) performed two tests in a random order. Trial 1 (C-R) consisted of 30 min cycling with a load corresponding to the ventilatory threshold previously calculated, followed by a 3000 m run at the highest possible intensity around a 400 m track. Trial 2 (R), consisted of a 3000 m run at the maximum intensity possible only. The G1 subjects took less time to complete the distance (591.2 compared to 669.1 s for the G2 subjects in the C-R setting, and 584.6 vs. 645.5 s in the R setting). In addition, the G1 subjects showed a more adapted cardiorespiratory response than the G2 subjects. In conclusion, the results show a profile in terms of cardiorespiratory response and performance for senior and young triathletes highly trained.
[Evolution of the breathing pattern along a training season in elite cyclists]
Revista de investigación clínica; organo del Hospital de Enfermedades de la Nutrición
To analyze the evolution of respiratory pattern variables (some of which are representative of central respiratory regulation) in a group of highly trained cyclists through a training season. Ten elite cyclists performed three maximal effort tests on a cicloergometer at November (preparatory period), February (precompetitive period) and June (competitive period). These three moments determine the start and end of two main training periods, during which training volume and intensity was monitored. Load (W), heart rate (HR), and oxygen uptake (VO2) was determined at the ventilatory thresholds and the maximum VO2. The relationship between tidal volume and inspiratory time (V(T)/t(I)) was studied in three zones: V(T)/t(I) under 2; 2) V(T)/t(I) between 2 and 4; and 3) V(T)/t(I) over 4. Volume and intensity of training significantly increased in the second period of training, but the ventilatory thresholds and VO2 did not perform after the second visit to the laboratory. V(T) did not chan...
Comparison of absolute and relative phisiological responses of cyclists and triathletes
2007
The ventilatory threshold (VT) has been used as an indicator of the lactate threshold and used as a reference for endurance training. The purpose of this study was to compare the maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2MAX ) and the VT during a bicycle ergometer test between cyclists and triathletes. Methods: VO 2MAX was determined by open-circuit spirometry in 12 cyclists and 13 triathletes. The ventilatory equivalent for oxygen consumption, the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide production, partial pressure of oxygen and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (P ET CO 2 ) were plotted in function of the workload. The criterion to determinate the VT was when the ventilatories equivalents increased with a concomitant reduction in the P ET CO 2 . Results and conclusions: There was difference (p < 0.05) for the VO 2MAX (57.72 ± 3.92 and 49.47 ± 5.96 kg·ml -1 ·min -1 ), VO 2 at VT (46,91 ± 5,96 and 42,16 ± 4,97 kg·ml -1 ·min -1 ), and maximal heart rate (FC MAX ) (188.83 ± 12.89 and 174.61 ± 13.79 bpm) between cyclists and triathletes, respectively. Therefore, there was no difference for the %VO 2MAX (81.42 ± 7.61 and 85.18 ± 6.87%), the heart rate at VT (168.5 ± 13.79 and 157.23 ± 16.15 bpm), as well as for the %FC MAX at which VT occurred in these athletes (89.23 ± 6.98 and 90.05 ± 1.04%). In conclusion, cyclists and triathletes showed different aerobic capacity because they had unlike physiological adaptations.
Heart rate profile in highly trained triathletes
Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Fisica y del Deporte
Nine male triathletes (VO2max: 68.0 +/- 2.0 mL.kg(-1).min(-1), age: 25 +/- 1.9 years, weight: 68.3 +/- 2.2 kg, height: 177.4 +/- 2.2 cm), performed an incremental maximal cycle exercise test on three separate occasions corresponding to the start of the season, pre-competitive period, and competitive period. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT(2)respectively) were assessed in each visit. Despite changes in the distribution of training among disciplines, total training time, training time per week, and intensity of the training, POmax, VO2max, submaximal HR, and lactate concentration remained stable throughout the season. Due to the stability displayed by the heart rate ventilatory thresholds relationship in our sample, we conclude that a single laboratory testing at the start of the season could be enough to prescribe training intensities (at least for cycling) based on heart rate zones in highly trained triathletes. These results should be compared ...
Physiological attributes of triathletes
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2010
Triathlons of all distances can be considered endurance events and consist of the individual disciplines of swimming, cycling and running which are generally completed in this sequential order. While it is expected that elite triathletes would possess high values for submaximal and maximal measures of aerobic fitness, little is known about how these values compare with those of single-sport endurance athletes. Earlier reviews, conducted in the 1980s, concluded that triathletes possessed lower V O 2 max values than other endurance athletes. An update of comparisons is of interest to determine if the physiological capacities of elite triathletes now reflect those of single-sport athletes or whether these physiological capacities are compromised by the requirement to cross-train for three different disciplines. It was found that although differences in the physiological attributes during swimming, cycling and running are evident among triathletes, those who compete at an international level possess V O 2 max values that are indicative of success in endurance-based individual sports. Furthermore, various physiological parameters at submaximal workloads have been used to describe the capacities of these athletes. Only a few studies have reported the lactate threshold among triathletes with the majority of studies reporting the ventilatory threshold. Although observed differences among triathletes for both these submaximal measures are complicated by the various methods used to determine them, the reported values for triathletes are similar to those for trained cyclists and runners. Thus, from the limited data available, it appears that triathletes are able to obtain similar physiological values as single-sport athletes despite dividing their training time among three disciplines.
Aspects of respiratory muscle fatigue in a mountain ultramarathon race
Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2015
Ultramarathon running offers a unique possibility to investigate the mechanisms contributing to the limitation of endurance performance. Investigations of locomotor muscle fatigue show that central fatigue is a major contributor to the loss of strength in the lower limbs after an ultramarathon. In addition, respiratory muscle fatigue is known to limit exercise performance, but only limited data are available on changes in respiratory muscle function after ultramarathon running and it is not known whether the observed impairment is caused by peripheral and/or central fatigue. In 22 experienced ultra-trail runners, we assessed respiratory muscle strength, i.e., maximal voluntary inspiratory and expiratory pressures, mouth twitch pressure (n = 16), and voluntary activation (n = 16) using cervical magnetic stimulation, lung function, and maximal voluntary ventilation before and after a 110-km mountain ultramarathon with 5862 m of positive elevation gain. Both maximal voluntary inspirato...
Does lung function limit performance in a 24-hour ultramarathon?
Respiration Physiology, 1989
Based on observations of impaired lung function after marathon and ultramarathon running, it was hypothesized that the decline in running speed during a 24-h ultramarathon may be explained, in part, by ventilatory muscle fatigue. To test this hypothesis, ten competitors in the 1988 TAC/USA National 24-h Championship performed a battery of pulmonary function tests every 3 h during the race. The tests included measurement of inspiratory capacity, peak flow, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in I sec, maximum voluntary ventilation for 12 sec (MVVI2), and maximal respiratory pressures. Running speed was averaged over 3-h periods. MVVI2 was significantly decreased (17~o), but only al~er 24 h of running. All other ventilatory measures tended to decrease over time but the changes were not significant. However, after correcting for between-subject differences in running speed, the variance in MVVI2 accounted for 39% (P < 0.000 I) of the variance in running speed. It was concluded that the decrease in ventilatory muscle endurance may constrain running speed in extremely prolonged running events.
Journal of sports science & medicine, 2015
This study examined respiratory muscle strength using the POWERbreathe® inspiratory muscle trainer (i.e., 'S-Index') before and after repeated-sprint cycling for comparison with maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) values obtained during a Mueller maneuver. The S-Index was measured during six trials across two sessions using the POWERbreathe® and MIP was measured during three trials in a single session using a custom-made manometer in seven recreationally active adults. Global respiratory muscle strength was measured using both devices before and after the performance of sixteen, 6-s sprints on a cycle ergometer. Intraclass correlation coefficients for the POWERbreathe® S-index indicated excellent (p < 0.05) trial-to-trial (r = 0.87) and day-to-day (r = 0.90) reliability yet there was no significant correlation (r = -0.35, p = 0.43) between the S-Index measured using the POWERbreathe® and MIP measured during a Mueller maneuver. Repeated-sprint cycling had no effect on respi...