2010. Labor Force Participation of Married Women... (original) (raw)
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Labor Force Participation of Married Women in Punjab (Pakistan)
Journal of Economic and Social …, 2009
This paper highlights the factors that influence the decision of married women (in the age group of 16-60 years) to participate in labor force activities. Employing the probit model on 3911 observations it is found that women's age, women as head of the household, women's education, household poverty, family size, number of girls (5-15 years), number of daughters over 15 years of age, husband's unemployment and low income, and rural locality have a significant positive effect on labor force participation of married women. On the other hand, ownership of assets by the household, household per capita income, being a nuclear family, number of infants, number of sons over 15 years of age, and husband's education have shown a negative effect. Poverty in an overall perspective is found to be the major determinant of the labor force participation of married women.
2011
The study identifies various socio-economic and demographic factors, which influence the decision of educated married women about participating in the labour market. The study is based on the field survey conducted in the district Mandi Bahaudin. We have employed logit and probit models in order to empirically identify the effect of education level of husband and wife, women age, household structure, and size, household income and asset ownership and rural / urban residence on female labour force participation (hereafter FLFP). The study finds that the females’ education level is strong and positive determinant of FLFP. However, monthly household income, number of workers in the household other than husband and wife and financial assets are significantly and inversely related to it. Among demographic factors, age and household structure and size affect the FLFP rate positively.
Determinants of Labor Force Participation of Married Women: A Case Study of District Gujrat
2011
This paper examines determinants of labor force participation of married women in District Gujrat, Pakistan. Although in Pakistan women are participating in labor force but their proportion is very low. According to Labor force Survey 2009-10 female labor force contribution is 15.45% which is very low as compared to other South Asian Countries. In this study an attempt is made to find out the determinants which affect female labor force participation. The study was conducted with a sample of 301 married women by using stratified two stage cluster sampling method. Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network Model was used for analysis purpose. The study showed that literacy status, area of residence, family system, family size, husband’s education were most important determinants in predicting female labor force participation.
Female Labor Force Participation in Pakistan: A Case of Punjab
Journal of Social and Development Sciences
The present study is an effort to investigate the patterns of female labor force participation in case of Pakistan. In particular, the study analyzed the determinants of female labor force participation decision. The study utilized Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2007-08 data of Punjab. Education is used as a direct human capital variable while; age is a proxy of human capital. The variables used in the analysis are female labour force participation, age, age square, marital status, area, female monthly income, family monthly income, family size, household head education, different classes of female education and employment status. To remove the selectivity bias, the study used Heckman’s (1979) two step procedure. Results of Logit model depicts that household head education, primary, middle, matric & mudrassa education level negatively related with the decision of female labor force participation while, decision towards participation is strong if female belonged to urban area, i...
Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation in Pakistan
2017
There are many factors related to female entering the labor market. For example, household income, household expenditure, education and status of the head of the household (male/ female). The degree of correlation between each variable and female labor force participation rate varies throughout the country. This study focused on the factors due to which women enter in labor market. Tobit model is used for this analysis. It is concluded that education and household expenditures have positive but insignificant impact on the female LF, whereas household income and head of the household has negative impact on FLF. It is suggested that in order to improve the working condition of female labor force government should take necessary action, for example women education etc.
The Determinants of Female Labour Force Participation In Pakistan
1984
This paper seeks to identify the major determinants of female labour force participation (LFP) in the urban area and to examine how these determinants associate with female LFP. The data from the socioeconomic survey of urban women undertaken in Rangoon, Burma, during May to July 1998, are analyzed by the logistic regression model. A number of potential variables for inclusion in the logistic regression are identified on the basis of results of the chi-squared tests and also on the basis of theoretical models which explain female participation in the labour force. The results suggest that husband's income and marital status are important factors while educational attainment does not significantly affect (less significant for unmarried women than for married women) Burmese urban women entering into the labour force.
Estimating the Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation in Pakistan
2021
The study estimates the factors affecting female labor force participation (FLFP) in Pakistan. For this purpose, the study uses Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey data for the year 2013-14 and employs the logit model because of the binary nature of the dependent variable. The results reveal that FLFPhas a positive relationship with the age of the female. Whereas it has u-shaped relation with the education of the women. Females living in a household whose headsare professional; skilled agriculture, forestry, and fishery;elementary occupations like laborer, hawkers, and masonshave more chancesto enterthe labor market as compared to females whose household heads are managers or executives.There is a negative relationship between FLFP and household size. Poverty and female proportion arepull-factors, whereas wages are pull-factor. Further,the impacts of foreign remittanceson FLFParefavorable.
The analysis of labour market participation is useful for formulating employment and human resource development policies. Females form almost more than half of the total population in Pakistan play a very important role in the country. The present study endeavors to estimate the various factors which affect the women work participation. The study is based on the cross-section data collected through field survey. The logistic regression technique is employed to estimate the determinants of female labour force participation. Educational attainment levels turn out to be very significant determinant. Female's labour force participation rises with increasing level of education. Presence of children in early age groups reduces the female labour force participation. The results of the study conclude that female education is necessary for better employment opportunities.
An In-Depth Analysis of Women’s Labor Force Participation in Pakistan
Women in Pakistan are subjected to severe employment discrimination. Theorist claims that female employment has positive impact on country economy and women wellbeing. Labor force data from Pakistan bureau of statistics and World Bank suggests that labor force participation of women in Pakistan, as percentage of total women workforce and percentage of total countries work force is below par when compared to international standard and developed countries. Moreover majority of women are accumulated in informal sectors mostly agriculture. The reason for this gender discrimination is ingrained in political, legal, economic and cultural factors that adversely affect the status of women, limit the employment opportunities and employment options for women. It is suggested that holistic change approach should be initiated in country by the country, supported by media and accepted by masses.
2018
female labour force participation is dependent variable. The data was analyzed through SPSS software. The result shows that with the passage of time female participation is consistently increasing and unemployment and fertility rate are decreasing It is a health sign that female labour participation is increasing and it will ultimately enhance national income. However, ratio of female participation is less as compared to South Asian countries.