NEOLIBERALISM AND NEOLIBERAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM (original) (raw)
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2003
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Neoliberal Development and Its Critics
This chapter examines the emergence of neoliberalism in development economics and development studies, and the implications of the neoliberal transition across both scholarship and policy-making. It argues that the meaning and significance of neoliberal theory and its policy implications have shifted over time, place and issue, and that there can be inconsistencies across its component parts. These are, often, due to tensions between the rhetorical and policy worlds built by the advocates of neoliberalism and the realities of social and economic reproduction in the so-called "developing" countries. Examination of these tensions can help to illuminate the weaknesses of the Washington consensus, the reasons for its displacement by the post-Washington consensus led by Joseph Stiglitz, and the ensuing disputes between the post-Washington consensus and its predecessor around the shortcomings of "deregulation", and the desirability and optimal extent of state intervention in the economy. The chapter concludes that the differences between the Washington consensus and the post-Washington consensus have been overblown and, in particular, that they share much the same conception of development and attachment to neoliberalism, and the same limited commitment to democracy. However, because of its greater plasticity the post-Washington consensus is better positioned to weather the criticisms levelled against the Washington consensus, especially after the impact of the economic crisis starting in 2007.
The international development architecture has recently undergone a series of marked transformations, with the promotion of a range of novel principles and policy tools, such as poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSPs), country ownership and development partnerships, and civil society participation. At the same time, the recent worldwide turmoil in financial markets and the attendant state interventions to stabilize financial institutions raise important questions about the shifting contours of the role of the public and private sectors in the economy, and the potential demise of the neoliberal era. Given these recent and on-going transformation processes in the neoliberal world order, this paper sets out to periodize neoliberal development policy in order to assess the extent to which the aforementioned transformations and policy changes represent the arrival of a new policy era after neoliberalism (for similar efforts, see Peck and Tickell 2002; Craig an Coterrel 2007; Brenner and Theodore 2002; and Graefe 2006). The paper argues that the current era does not mark the transcendence of neoliberalism by a new policy regime, but rather represents a deepening of (on-going) neoliberalization processes through a shallow re-embedding of markets and the introduction of more inclusively oriented development policies. The transformations of neoliberalism will be interrogated by theoretically building on Peck and Tickell's notions about roll out and roll back neoliberalism (Peck and Tickell 2002) and Craig and Porter's concept of inclusive neoliberalism (Craig and Porter 2005, see also .
Neoliberalism as we know it, but not in conditions of its own choosing: a commentary
Environment and Planning A, 2005
Drawing on recent research and critical analysis, this rich collection of papers addresses the uneven geographies of neoliberalism and their contestation in six diverse countries, that range from the large industrial powerhouses of Mexico and Brazil through to the predominantly rural and informal economies of Bolivia and Nicaragua, and the resource-exporting countries of Peru and Ecuador. As the editors state in their introduction, the papers``interrogate the particular geographies of neoliberalism in Latin America, throwing into sharp relief the production of neoliberal landscapes and livelihoods in a diversity of ... contexts'' (Perreault and Martin, page 194). In their diverse ways, the authors grapple with the recent debates in geographyö found among economic, political, feminist, and other geographers öto go beyond the reduction of neoliberalism to a``monolithic exogenous force that transforms places from the outside'' (Martin, page 205). Too frequently in the past, analysts have presented a view from nowhere of neoliberalism or globalization as if it were always materialized and operationalized identically across the world. As Nagar et al (2002) and others have argued, neoliberalism operates only through multiple scales, actors, and institutions, many of which are invisible in standard accounts. Recent debates have called for detailed empirical work on the informal sector, households, rural areas, and the diverseöoften marginalizedöactors within those spaces, in order to understand the processes by which neoliberalism works its way acrossöand simultaneously constructsöscales. The papers in this issue start from the premise that it is necessary to go beyond the boardrooms of big business and the policy headquarters of the international financial institutions to understand neoliberalism in practice. In addition to documenting national government policy and political economic trends, the papers focus on less visible arenas such as rural and nonmetropolitan urban areas, on households, and indigenous populated areas. Latin American countries' application of neoliberal macroeconomic policies and the reorientation of nationalism and social policies around them have a number of intended and unintended consequences for the geographies of development in the region. As the papers document in relation to their specific case studies, neoliberalism simultaneously globalizes and localizes, a process that generates a rescaling of economic, political, and social institutions, responsibilities, and costs (Perreault and Martin). The papers document in detail the processes and actors involved in this rescaling and reorganization of geographies in different countries (usually by focusing on subnational regions). While Latin America has long been characterized by its uneven patterns of wealth and poverty, resource exploitation, fixing of ethnic identities, and industrial^urban development, the papers show how the mid-20th-century geographies of impact substituting industrialization (ISI), corporatist politics and resource use have been radically transformed by the imposition of neoliberal policies over the past ten to fifteen years. One aspect of this historical^geographical transformation
Los rostros rurales de la dominación en el neoliberalismo actual
Márgenes. Espacio Arte y Sociedad, 2013
Los ajustes estructurales de las últimas décadas han generado importantes transformaciones en las sociedades rurales. A partir del trabajo de campo antropológico en comunidades del sur del estado de Tlaxcala en México, hemos observado tres procesos que las caracteriza: la pérdida de centralidad de la agricultura, las múltiples y diversas formas de acceder a los mercados laborales y las migraciones internas e internacionales. En este artículo se discute la conformación de los sujetos rurales y su capacidad limitada de acción, determinación y autonomía bajo el contexto neoliberal y constreñidos por un sistema económico que apenas les deja espacio para sobrevivir.
The Political Economy of Global Development: The Age of Neoliberalism
Chile, 11 September, 1973: The CIA-backed forces of the Chilean Army, lead by Augusto Pinochet, launch a violent coup d'etat and overthrows the democratically elected government of Salvador Allende 3,200 people executed or disappeared, 80,000 imprisoned -the inauguration of two decades of military dictatorship US-trained "Chicago Boys", with the direct support of Milton Friedman, implements the policy designs outlined in "The Brick" -a 500page plan for economic restructuring of the Chilean economy designed in dialogue with armed forces prior to the coup Inflation, unemployment and debt spiralledwhen the economy stabilized in 1988 45% of the population had fallen below the poverty line, whilst the incomes of the richest 10% had increased by 83%
2018
This paper suggests that one way of understanding the explosion of ‘authoritarian populist’ political formations from 2016 onwards is to explore their relationship to an underlying crisis in the organisation of transnational politics. It argues that an important role has been played for the last three decades by an assemblage of discourses, institutional arrangements that are linked to the project of ‘neoliberal’ or ‘late liberal’ developmentalism. The paper sketches out some key characteristics of ‘neoliberal developmentalism’ and identifies some of its implications for the scope of emancipatory politics in the last three decades. It suggests that the authority, hegemony and coherence of this assemblage is currently being challenged, and asks what this might mean for the prospects, and indeed the possibility, of emancipatory politics in the future. ERPI 2018 International Conference Authoritarian Populism and the Rural World