Patent Statistics As Economic Indicators: A Survey (original) (raw)
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The work is a quantitative analysis on the relationship between technology and economic development from data on patents from over twenty countries from the beginning of the 19th century till the end of the twentieth century. The cross section regressions between patents and per capita income show a high correlation between both variables and allow the positive effect of technological innovation on economic development to be seen. The regressions between the time series of patent applications in Spain between 1826 and 1985 and some economic variables indicate in similar fashion that there is a positive correlation between both variables, especially between patents and Gross Fixed Capital Formation.
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The issues discussed in this chapter constitute a voice in a methodological discussion on the scope and manners of the utilisation of patent statistics in economic research. The discussion comprises the following issues: the gist of a patent monopoly, the evolution of opinions on the benefits and costs of a patent monopoly, and the possibilities and limitations of utilising patent statistics in the quantification of economic processes. This chapter is of a review and has methodological character. The analysis conducted within the text leads to two groups of conclusions. One of them concerns the shortcomings and limitations of patent databases, while the other concerns the identification of scientific exploration fields by means of patent metadata.
Patent statistics: deciphering a ‘real’ versus a ‘pseudo’ proxy of innovation
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Patent statistics have fascinated economists concerned about innovation for a long time. However, fundamental questions remain as to whether or not patent statistics represent the real state of innovation. As Griliches pointed out, substantial questions involve: What aspects of economic activities do patent statistics actually capture? And, what would we like them to measure? He pointed out that these statistics can be a mirage appearing to provide a great number of objective and reliable proxies for innovation. This paper aims to address some of these questions by making a comparative evaluation of the representability of patent statistics in four levels of the innovation process, using as examples research and development (R&D) in Japan's printer and photovoltaic solar cell (PV) industries over the last two decades. Furthermore, this research provides a new set of patent statistics which could be considered a more reliable proxy for innovation.
Research Policy, 1999
Patent analysis seems to become more difficult in the age of globalisation. Starting from microlevel observations, it is evident that multinational enterprises pursue different technological, marketing and strategic aims. In effect, they cover world markets in a distinctly different manner with patent intellectual property. This article, in good economic tradition, starts with consideration of recent microlevel patent behaviour in telecommunications before new macroeconomic procedures to measure technical change are outlined. The new challenges to patent statistics comprise the assignment of countries to patent documents of multinational firms, the appropriate use of economic 'filters' in comparing patent statistics from various patent offices, the fitting of the new international patent procedures offered by the amended Patent Cooperation Ž . Treaty PCT to national statistics, the assignment of patent applications in case of withdrawn country destinations and the estimation of time series if most recent data sets are incomplete. We propose consistent, workable adjustments to patent statistics that overcome the above-mentioned biases, which we denote the 'triad patent model', for measuring technical progress in the proper economic sense. First applications deal with the assessment of the pace of technical change in major countries up until 1995. In conclusion we discuss problems for future research. The main policy implication is that macroeconomic patent statistics can correct for the effects of global knowledge production, indeed, as these are not disruptive but rather limited and well accountable. q
2013
We explore the role of technological innovation as a source of economic growth by constructing direct measures of innovation at the firm level. We combine patent data for US firms from 1926 to 2010 with the stock market response to news about patents to assess the economic importance of each innovation. Our innovation measure predicts productivity and output at the firm, industry and aggregate level. Furthermore, capital and labor flow away from non-innovating firms towards innovating firms within an industry. There exists a similar, though weaker, pattern across industries. Crossindustry differences in technological innovation are strongly related to subsequent differences in industry output growth.
2012
Since Schumpeter's seminal work on economic development (Schumpeter 1934), innovation is considered as one of the main drivers of firm performance and economic growth. At the same time, technological innovations vary considerably in terms of impact with only a minority of new inventions contributing significantly to economic growth. More recently a number of indicators derived from patent documents have been advanced to capture the nature and impact of technological inventions. Within this paper, we compare and validate these indicators within the field of biotechnology. An extensive analysis of the recent history of biotechnology allows us to identify the most important inventions (n=308) that shaped the field of biotechnology for the time period 1976-2001. A considerable number of these inventions have been patented between 1976 and 2001 (n= 215; 70%). For all USPTO biotech patents filed between 1976 and 2001 (n= 84,119) relevant indicators have been calculated. Within a next step, we assess which indicators allow to distinguish between most important patented inventions and their less influential counterparts by means of logistic regression models. Our findings reveal that the use of multiple, complementary, indicators provides the most comprehensive picture. In addition, it becomes clear that ex post indicators reflecting impact and value outperform ex ante indicators reflecting the nature and novelty of the invention in terms of precision and recall.
Patenting Activities and Technological Development in the Global Economy
Včenì zapiski Tavrìjsʹkogo nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu ìmenì V.Ì. Vernadsʹkogo, 2020
доктор економічних наук, доцент, Львівський торговельно-економічний університет Шайда О.Є. кандидат економічних наук, доцент, Національний університет «Львівська політехніка» Степанов А.В. старший викладач, Львівський торговельно-економічний університет PATENTING ACTIVITIES AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY The article is devoted to the study of current trends in patenting activities in the context of global economic processes. The priorities and goals of developing a long-term vision of the development of the countries of the world are considered in the context of the formation of the digital economy. The role of legal protection of intellectual property in achieving high rates of patenting is appraised. Comparative data of world patent ratings are given. The existing problems in the domestic patenting of scientific and technical solutions are highlighted. An econometric model of the dependence of the indicator of the number of patent applications filed with the European Patent Organisation on the percentage of human resources engaged in R&D in the EU has been built. The decisive role of human resources in scientific and technological development and patenting activities is substantiated, which requires a balanced state policy in the direction of improving human capital.