DengueTools: innovative tools and strategies for the surveillance and control of dengue (original) (raw)
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The Open Public Health Journal
Dengue is the second most dangerous vector-borne disease worldwide in terms of incidence and mortality rate [1]. Many nations are experiencing dengue outbreaks, including the Americas, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the Pacific Islands [2]. Dengue, also known as dengue fever (DF), is a viral disease that is carried and spread by female mosquitos, mostly Aedes aegypti and to a lesser extent, Aedes albopictus. The virus belongs to the Flaviviridae family and has four separate but closely related serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4) [3]. Whilst there are four types of the dengue virus, it is still possible to be re-infected as the immune system only becomes immune to one serotype at a time.
Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 2013
Dengue is a disease of many tropic and subtropics regions that can occur epidemically; caused by dengue virus, a member of the family "Flaviviridae". Dengue fever, also called dengue, is a potentially serious disease caused by a virus. There are four types of dengue virus that can cause illness in humans. Dengue viruses are transmitted between humans by the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito. Dengue is rare in the U.S., but is common and a serious public health threat in warm subtropical and tropical areas of the world. These include areas of Central and South America, Africa, Southeast Asia, China, India, the Middle East, Australia, the Caribbean and the South and Central Pacific. Dengue fever is most common in urban areas and outbreaks occur commonly during the rainy season when mosquitoes breed heavily in standing water. The incidence of dengue fever is on the rise worldwide, and in some areas of Asia, complications of the disease are a leading cause of serious illness and death in children. Treatment of acute dengue is supportive, using either oral or intravenous rehydration for mild or moderate disease, and intravenous fluids and blood transfusions for more severe cases. The rate of infection has increased dramatically over the last 50 years, with around 50-100 million people being infected yearly.
Dengue virus: epidemiology, biology, and disease aetiology
Canadian Journal of Microbiology
Dengue is a vector-borne viral disease caused by the flavivirus dengue virus (DENV). Approximately 400 million cases and 22 000 deaths occur due to dengue worldwide each year. It has been reported in more than 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions. A positive-stranded enveloped RNA virus (DENV) is principally transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It has four antigenically distinct serotypes, DENV-1 to DENV-4, with different genotypes and three structural proteins and seven non-structural proteins. Clinical symptoms of dengue range from mild fever to severe dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS), with thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, and increased vascular permeability. Although primary infection causes activation of immune responses against DENV serotypes, the severity of the disease is enhanced via heterotypic infection by various serotypes as well as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). The first licensed DENV vaccine was tetravalent CYD Denvaxia, but i...
Dengue Fever in the Western Hemisphere
American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science, 2003
Dengue virus, an arthropod-borne viral agent, causes two distinct diseases: classic dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). There are four dengue virus serotypes: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. Although infection with dengue stimulates immunologic response to a serotype, there is no cross-immunity conferred. Hence, a person can potentially be infected with each serotype during his or her lifetime. An infected female Aedes mosquito transmits the virus from person to person while feeding. The disease, now endemic in more than 100 countries in Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and Western Pacific, is spreading to new areas and causing explosive outbreaks. Because of the major impact on lives and local economies epidemics produce, rapid detection of dengue infection has become an important public health research issue. Recently developed serological procedures to detect dengue infections have shown great potential for field use. Dengue virus...
BioMed Research International
Dengue remains one of the most serious and widespread mosquito-borne viral infections in human beings, with serious health problems or even death. About 50 to 100 million people are newly infected annually, with almost 2.5 billion people living at risk and resulting in 20,000 deaths. Dengue virus infection is especially transmitted through bites of Aedes mosquitos, hugely spread in tropical and subtropical environments, mostly found in urban and semiurban areas. Unfortunately, there is no particular therapeutic approach, but prevention, adequate consciousness, detection at earlier stage of viral infection, and appropriate medical care can lower the fatality rates. This review offers a comprehensive view of production, transmission, pathogenesis, and control measures of the dengue virus and its vectors.
Aedes Aegypti and Dengue Virus Infections
Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology
Aedes-borne diseases (Dengue, Chikungunya, Yellow Fever and Zika) are an emerging problem worldwide, escalating overall risk and burden of disease worldwide. Dengue viruses are members of the family Flaviviridae, genus flavivirus with four anti-genically related but distinct viruses; all are mosquito-borne human pathogens. The four dengue virus serotypes are associated with fever, rash, and the more severe forms, hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome. Susceptible humans become infected after being bitten by an infected female Aedes mosquito. Viremia in humans begins at the end of a four-six-day incubation period and persists until fever abates. An uninfected Aedes spp. may acquire the virus after feeding on a patient at the vermeil period. Infected mosquitoes carry the virus for their lifespan and pass the virus to its immature stages (Trans-ovarian transmission) and remain infective for humans, Several factors have combined to produce epidemiological conditions in developing countries in the tropics and subtropics that favor viral transmission by the main mosquito vector, Aedes as the rapid population growth, rural-urban migration, inadequate basic urban infrastructure (eg. the unreliable water supply leading householders to store water in containers close to homes) and the increase in volume of solid waste, such as discarded plastic containers and other abandoned items which provide larval habitats in urban areas. Geographical expansion of the mosquito has been aided by the international commercial trade particularly in used car-tyres which easily accumulate rainwater. Increased air travel and the breakdown of vector control measures have also contributed greatly to the global burden of dengue and DH fevers.