Biochemical Stress Responses in Tissues of the Cichlid Fish Cichlasoma dimerus Exposed to a Commercial Formulation of Endosulfan (original) (raw)
Related papers
Fish Physiology and Biochemistry
Two experiments, one short-term and one long-term, were conducted to elucidate the acute and chronic effects, respectively, of endosulfan exposure on the haemato-immunological and histopathological responses of Channa puncatatus. In the short-term study, fish were exposed to sublethal endosulfan (8.1 μg l−1) for 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h. In the long-term study, fish were fed with normal diet and simultaneously either exposed to endosulfan (1.2 μg l−1) for 90 days or not. Results showed that the ascorbic acid levels in both the liver and the muscle decreased significantly (P < 0.05) by acute and chronic endosulfan exposure. The haemoglobin (Hb) level reduced significantly (P < 0.05) by 15.5% within 12 h of acute endosulfan exposure, further decreased by 25.8% after 24 h of exposure, however, thereafter the values increased and at the end of 72 h returned to normal levels. Almost similar trend was observed for the erythrocyte (RBC) count. The WBC count and the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) value showed a general increasing trend with increase in the duration of acute endosulfan exposure. The chronic exposure of C. punctatus to endosulfan significantly (P < 0.05) lowered the Hb level, RBC and WBC counts, NBT reduction value and the plasma parameters such as plasma protein, albumin (A) and globulin (G) compared with that of the control (except for A/G ratio). Endosulfan exposure also severely altered the liver histological structure. Overall results indicated that both short-term acute and long-term chronic endosulfan exposure had a significant impact on the haemato-immunological parameters and tissue histopathology of C. punctatus.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 1991
Prolonged exposure (4 weeks) to 6.72 ppb of the organochlorine insecticide endosulfan induced disturbances in the blood and organ chemistry values of a common fish, Barbus conchonius. In blood the total lipids, cholesterol, and proteins were decreased in comparison to unexposed controls, while the free fatty acids (EPA), glucose, total phosphorus, and lactate were increased. Total lipids, PPA, and proteins were augmented in liver; cholesterol, in liver and ovary; and phosphorus and glycogen, in skeletal muscles. Compared to the controls, a decrease was seen in the total lipids (skeletal muscles and ovary), glycogen (liver, brain, and heart), and cholesterol (testes). Hyperlipemia, hyperproteinemia, and hyperlactemia persisted during a recovery period of 1 week in clean water following endosulfan poisoning.
Endosulfan is an organochlorine pesticide widely used in agriculture and hence finds its way into natural water bodies, thus affecting aquatic life. The purpose of this study was to determine LC 50 of endosulfan (99%; a:b ratio of 7:3) in Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus and study its effect on anti-oxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase and catalase), immuno-hematological profile (RBC, WBC, Hb, serum protein, albumin-A, globulin-G, A/G ratio, phygocytic activity as indicated by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, serum cortisol and serum lipid peroxidation) and neurotransmitter acetylcholine esterase enzyme activity. The LC 50 value at 96 h and 95% confidence limit for tilapia (46.78 g) was estimated as 3.6 lg/L. Activities of anti-oxidative enzymes, immuno-hematological profile, blood glucose and neurotransmitter activity was significantly influenced (P < 0.01) in dose dependent manner. This was reflected in the behavior of fish that was altered from normal during acute toxicity.
2015
Received: Revised: Accepted: February 17, 2014 June 26, 2014 July 06, 2014 This study was designed to investigate the acute toxicities of endosulfan on the hematopoietic, gastro-intestinal, respiratory systems of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). A total of 35 grass carp, 5-6 cm long were divided into five groups (E0, E1, E2, E3 and E4) having seven fish in each. The fish in group E0 were kept as control in plain water, while those in group E1, E2, E3 and E4 were exposed to 0.75, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 ppb of endosulfan in water, respectively for 96 hrs. Water and test chemical solution were renewed daily throughout the experiment. At the end of experimental period blood samples from fish in each group were collected. The morphometric parameters including total weight, length, standard length and organ weights showed non-significant difference. Samples from gills, intestine and liver were collected for the histopathological examination. A significant dose dependent decrease was not...
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2020
Persistent organic pollutants reach aquatic ecosystems during application and can bioconcentrate/biomagnificate due to their lipophilic nature. Toxicological studies focus almost exclusively on the active ingredients (AIs) of pesticides, instead of commercial formulations (CFs), whose toxicity can differ due to non-specified ingredients. The intensive use of endosulfan (ES) as a wide range insecticide over the last few decades make it one of the most frequently detected contaminants in the aquatic environment, even after it has been restricted worldwide. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bioaccumulation and organ distribution of waterborne ES in the freshwater fish Cichlasoma dimerus, comparing between the AI and a CF. Males were exposed to 0.7 µg/L ES for two weeks. ES was quantified (GC-ECD) in liver, testes, gills, brain and muscle. Results suggest rapid metabolism of α-ES and β-ES isomers to ES sulfate (ES-S) in tissues. Isomers levels were highest in gills, indicative of recent uptake. ES-S levels were highest in liver and testes for the AI, and testes and brain for the CF. For the AI, ES-S levels showed a positive correlation with organ-lipid %. No correlation was evident for CF indicating that the presence of adjuvants alters ES distribution, as gills and liver showed a higher uptake and mobilization of β-ES. These differences in organ distribution may alter tissue-specific toxicity, therefore additives cannot be considered inactive even if non-toxic.
Estimation of endosulfan toxicity on blood biochemistry of channel catfish Clarias batrachus Linn.
Endosulfan is an organochlorine acaricide used to kill pests of cotton, jute, vegetables and sugarcane. It is a chlorinated hydrocarbon of cyclodiene subgroup which is among the most toxic pesticides for aquatic life, especially fish, and therefore has been registered as a priority pollutant by the US Environmental Protection Agency. It is more toxic to the fish model of the present study, as the fish is a mud dweller and remains in contact to the soil for longer time. Endosulfan is moderately persistent in the soil environment with a reported average field half-life of 50 days. Blood parameters are valuable indicators for monitoring pollution load, stress and diseases caused by toxicants and are known to fluctuate with eco-physiological factors, which often are subjected to rapid changes due to various types of pollution. In the present study, toxic impact of Endosulfan on various blood parameters of Clarias batrachus Linn. was estimated. The levels of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and C-reactive protein were found to be raised, while the plasma cortisol level was found to be lowered in response to toxicant exposure.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology, 2011
Adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to 0 (control), 0.16 or 0.48 μg/L of the insecticide, endosulfan, for 28 days. Haematology, whole body ions, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), Na + K + -ATPase, organ histology and reproduction were assessed in adults. The resulting offspring were examined for latent effects on development (heart rate and morphometrics). On day 14, adult fish exposed to 0.16 μg/L endosulfan showed significantly lower red blood cell counts than those exposed to 0.48 μg/L endosulfan; adult fish exposed to 0.16 ug/L also showed elevated TBARS compared to controls. Both concentrations of endosulfan caused a 4.0 fold increase in Na + K + -ATPase activity compared to controls (ANOVA, p b 0.05). On day 14, the livers of fish exposed to endosulfan had fewer, enlarged hepatocytes, with cell diameters greater than the controls (ANOVA, p b 0.05). Morphological alterations in the progeny of fish exposed to endosulfan were observed. Heart beat frequency was significantly lower in larvae from exposed adults to 0.16 μg/L compared to the control (ANOVA, p b 0.05). These findings show that sublethal exposure to endosulfan causes adverse sublethal effects in adult D. rerio, and effects on the development of their offspring.
Aquaculture Nutrition, 2010
The inclusion of plant-based ingredients in commercial fish feeds may pose a challenge because of the presence of undesirable substances, such as the pesticide endosulfan. Waterborne endosulfan is highly toxic to fish, whereas dietborne exposure has varied toxicity in different species. To investigate the systemic effects of endosulfan exposure, quadruplicate groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed either 0 (control), 0.005 mg kg )1 ; the European Union's maximum limit, or 10 or 20 times this level (0.05 and 0.1 mg kg )1 respectively) for 95 days. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in liver somatic index, spleen somatic index, condition factor or growth among treatments. There were no indications of liver damage in fish from any of the groups in the biomarkers measured: plasma aspartate aminotransferase, plasma alanine aminotransferase and histopathology. Similarly, there were no apparent treatmentrelated effects on the haematological parameters Hct, Hb, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular haemoglobin, and blood sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride levels were not significantly (P > 0.05) different among groups. Lipid digestibility, but not energy, protein, or glycogen digestibility, was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced at the highest exposure concentration. However, no significant differences were observed in lipid production value or lipid efficiency ratio. In contrast to previous studies, clinical histological abnormalities were not observed in the intestine, liver or spleen of endosulfan-treated fish.
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 2013
Short-term responses at the antioxidant enzymatic systems, together with genotoxic effects were studied in the freshwater fish Australoheros facetus, exposed to endosulfan (ES) (0.02, 0.5, 5, 10 lg/L) for 24 h. Brain was the most responsive organ, showing inhibition of the enzymatic systems together with an increase of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) content. Concentration-dependent inhibition was observed for superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) with IC 25 values of 0.012, 0.017, 0.018 lg/L, respectively. In liver, a similar behavior was observed for SOD with IC 25 values of 2.22 lg/L. In addition, increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) at 5 lg/L and H 2 O 2 at 5 and 10 lg/L were observed. No effects were evidenced on ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), GR and CAT activities. In gills, only H 2 O 2 decreased at 0.5 and 5 lg/L ES. Genotoxic effects were detected by the increase of the frequency of both, nuclear abnormalities (NA) at 0.02 lg/L and micronucleus (MN) at 5 lg/L. Environmentally realistic concentrations of ES exerted toxic responses in A. facetus, encouraging the further field validation of the observed pattern (tissue specificity, sensitiveness and concentration-response relationship) as a potential suit of biomarkers for assessing acute sublethal effects in A. facetus under short-term pulsed exposure to ES.
Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2009
Endosulfan is a widely used insecticide with immunosuppressive or immunopotentiating effects which alters the immune response of fish. The effects of the acute exposure to endosulfan on a series of parameters of the innate immune response (IIR) of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were investigateddphagocytosis, production of oxygen reactive species, lipoperoxidation as well as spleen cell viability, relative spleen weight and splenocyte concentrationdto fully document the effects of this pesticide on Nile tilapia. Juvenile Nile tilapia were exposed in vivo and for 96 h to each one of nine concentrations of endosulfan in order to determine the pesticide's acute toxicity level and calculate the lethal concentration of endosulfan to these organisms (LC 50 ¼ 12,795 ppb). Functional assays showed that endosulfan, at a level equivalent to 1 / 2 LC 50 , altered some parameters of the spleen macrophages of Nile tilapia. Phagocytosis, production of oxygen reactive species, and lipoperoxidation increased significantly in exposed fish. Spleen cell viability and relative spleen weight were lower in exposed organisms compared to non-exposed ones, without reaching statistical significance. Splenocyte concentration was not altered in the present experimental conditions. Thus, in vivo exposure (7 ppb) of juvenile organisms stimulated the phagocytic activity up to significant oxidative stress levels as indicated by the increased lipid peroxidation in plasma. It can be concluded that short exposure to low concentration of endosulfan stimulated macrophage activity but that there was no significant reduction in the structural parameters of the IIR.