Energy conservation of residential buildings in Beirut (original) (raw)

A Review of Energy Efficiency Measures in Commercial Buildings: The Case of Lebanon

2014

Lebanon suffers from a chronic problem of electricity shortages, and therefore power outages are common. Electricite du Liban (EDL)-the national electricity provider-covers 61% of the total electricity demand, while 58% of private households and nearly 100% of commercial and industrial enterprises are using backup generation as an alternative power supply. With the escalation of the electricity supply crisis, several solutions and mitigation plans have been put into action with a total estimated cost of $6.52 billion covering infrastructure, supply, and legal framework. This paper focuses on energy efficiency measures within the commercial sector, which accounts for more than 20% of Lebanon's energy consumption. A literature review is used to formulate a set of hypotheses highlighting the factors that will positively affect the success of an energy efficiency program adopted by businesses in the commercial sector in Lebanon. This paper is part of an ongoing research project which examines user behavior modifications via questionnaires, interviews, and case study analysis with decision-makers and end-users.

Assessment of energy efficiency options in the building sector of Lebanon

Energy Policy, 2004

This paper examines the merits of implementing energy efficiency policies in the building sector in Lebanon following the approach normally adopted in Climate Change studies. The paper first examines the impact of the energy sector on the Lebanese economy, and then assesses the feasibility of implementing suitable energy efficiency options in the building sector. For this purpose, a detailed analysis of the building sector in Lebanon is presented with emphasis on the thermal characteristics of building envelopes and the energy consuming equipment. The long-term benefits of applying energy efficiency options in the building sector are then assessed using a scenario-type analysis that compares these benefits against those of a baseline scenario that assumes no significant implementation of energy efficiency policies. Finally, feasible options are highlighted and recommendations to remove the major barriers hindering the penetration of energy efficiency options in the Lebanese market are provided.

Energy conservation measures on residential buildings in Saudi Arabia

International Journal of Energy Research, 1993

King Fahd Uniwrsity o / Prtrolruni arid Miniwds. Dhahran 31261, Suudi Arahia SUM MARY The effect of energy conservation measures for a typical two-storey residential building in Saudi Arabia are studied. The analysis shows that insulating the walls and the roof (1 5 mm-thick insulation) results in a significant reduction in the peak cooling load (>23%,) and the annual energy consumption (>27%). Hence, a significant saving in customer and government equivalent uniform annual cost (EUAC) will be observed. The effects of additional measures, such as reducing the glazing area and the infiltration rate, are also reported.

Reducing the total life cycle energy demand of recent residential buildings in Lebanon

Energy, 2014

This is a preprint version of the paper. Significant changes have been made during the peer-review process, notably justifying the use of Australian data for embodied energy, updating the calculation of thermal requirements and detailing the quantification of the primary energy conversion factor for electricity in Lebanon. For more accurate and reliable results please refer to the final version.

Energy Savings in the Jordanian Residential Sector

2017

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the reduction in energy use in terms of consumption and cost in the Jordanian residential sector resulting from applying energy efficiency measures. A baseline model for houses in Jordan has been developed to represent the average dwelling unit in terms of construction and energy consumption using the outcome of governmental surveys. Three energy efficiency measures were introduced individually and simultaneously in five scenarios. The energy savings from each scenario were simulated using Hourly Analysis Program (HAP) software and then quantified by comparison with the energy consumption in the baseline. It was found that using enhanced building envelop material can save 24% in energy consumption and 22% in energy cost. Replacing conventional lighting fixtures with efficient fixtures can save 7% of consumption and 10% of cost while the savings from replacing electric water heaters with solar heaters can be 8% in consumption and 13% in cos...

Some prospects of energy savings in buildings

Energy conversion and management, 2001

The results of a recent survey on energy consumption in the residential sector of Jordan were used to evaluate energy conservation in residential buildings. Space heating accounts for 61% of the total residential energy consumption with kerosene as the most popular fuel used for heating. In light of the fact that only 5.7% of dwellings in JordanÕs urban areas have been provided with wall insulation and none with roof thermal insulation, the heating loads were calculated for a typical single house using dierent insulation materials. It was shown that energy savings up to 76.8% can be achieved when polystyrene is used for both wall and roof insulation. Ó

Economic evaluation of energy saving measures in a common type of Greek building

Applied Energy, 2009

This paper deals with the economic analysis and evaluation of various energy saving measures in the building sector, focusing on a domestic detached house in Greece, i.e. in a typical Mediterranean climate. In order to detect the energy saving measures that, in addition to energy benefits, can also provide economic profits, the study examines the following measures: all kinds of insulation; upgrading of the heating system; use of thermal solar systems; upgrading of lighting; upgrading of electric appliances; upgrading of the cooling system. The economic evaluation methods used for ranking the energy saving measures are the Net Present Value, the Internal Rate of Return, the Savings to Investment Ratio and the Depreciated Payback Period. It has been found that amongst the most effective energy saving methods are the upgrading of lighting, the insulation of the roof of the building and the installation of an automatic temperature control system. United Kingdom. He mentioned that these measures can be regarded as investments, which should be evaluated using some general indicators of cost-effectiveness. He proposed the internal rate of return and produced a ranking by cost-effectiveness of all the measures considered. Kellow [2] presented Kuwait's approach and experience in the development, introduction and implementation of energy-conservation standards in buildings. Although Kuwait is rich in energy resources, a review of the growth in energy consumption revealed the need for energy conservation, particularly in the building sector. The Ministry of Electricity and Water of Kuwait responded by introducing guidelines and a set of regulations and mandatory standards for energy conservation in 3 buildings. Kellow presented the potential energy as well as economic savings of their implementation. Borsch-Laaks and Pohlmann [3] examined the parameters for an environmentally concerned house building practice. They developed a building system and philosophy for economic and ecological lowenergy houses. The primary energy requirement of their "Triple-E-house" was only 40% of a typical German low-energy house, which only takes into account the reduction of the rate of space heating per floor area. Balaras et al. [4] investigated the potential for energy conservation in apartment buildings, in three climatic zones of Greece. They followed the "EPIQR" methodology and used the respective software, which includes several modules that perform energy related calculations in order to provide the user with an initial assessment of energy consumption and savings obtained from various retrofit actions. The proposed actions concentrated on space heating and cooling, domestic hot water production and lighting. Omer et al. [5] presented the monitoring of photovoltaic (PV) systems in two buildings at the University of Nottingham. They concluded that PV systems were not cost effective. On the contrary, a few years later Eiffert [6] showed the effectiveness of building-integrated PV (BIPV) systems, after having identified their economic parameters. He claimed that for designing and sizing BIPV systems, either Net Present Value or Life Cycle Cost are recommended, even if, in general, all investment methods can be used to evaluate BIPV economics. Papadopoulos et al. [7] examined the renovation of existing buildings for the reduction of energy consumption and the improvement of environmental conditions in urban areas. They mentioned that, due to low energy prices in the last 15 years and as energy saving measures demand capital-intensive investments, small progress was noticed in the direction of applying energy saving measures. They determined the potential of a few energy saving renovation measures (regarding central heating systems and the buildings' shell insulation) in a sample of buildings and evaluated the feasibility of these measures. An energy audit in a typical military campus was conducted by Stavropoulos and Skodras [8] in order to evaluate energy saving possibilities in such facilities. For each measure the cost of investment was provided together with the economic evaluation, while audit results and recommendations lead to

Assessment of the Current Energy Consumption of Residential Buildings in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

2019

In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), residential buildings' energy consumption accounts for almost 50% of the building stock electricity consumption. The KSA's economy relies heavily on fossil fuel sources, namely oil reservoirs, whose depletion will negatively affect the future development of the country. The total electricity consumption is growing by approximately 5-8% annually, which would lead to oil production and oil consumption being equal in 2035. Therefore, residential buildings need further assessment as regards their current energy consumption. This research used a survey to explore current user behaviour in residential buildings' energy performance in the city of Jeddah, KSA. The findings of the survey show that several factors impact the energy performance in residential buildings. First, the buildings' thermal properties were found to be poorly designed. Second, the cultural aspects (family member role and generous hospitality), and the majority of users within the buildings preferring a room temperature of below 24 • C, requires a massive amount of cooling due to the climate conditions. Third, an increase in user awareness has helped to slightly improve residential buildings' energy efficiency. Knowing the current high-energy-consumption sources and causes, being able to define opportunities for thermal properties' enhancement, and increasing user awareness of how to achieve self-sustaining buildings are essential.

Analysis of Algerian energy efficiency measures in buildings for achieving sustainable development goals

Journal of Renewable Energies

The building sector is among the most energy consumer with 42 %, it absorbs 44% of the total final energy consumption, the major part of housing, which currently exceeds eight (8) million homes, are "obsolete" in terms of energy efficiency, As a result, energy demand for residential buildings are of a very high level, Unfortunately Algeria faces to major energy challenges, his dependence of fossil resources oil and gas price drop, and the increases of the consumption. The needs of the building sector will be multiplied by 2.7 while the tertiary sector will increase its power consumption by 3.2 ,an increase of 40% relative to current consumption, The policy of energy efficiency in Algeria was concretized by adoption of the new renewable energy program and energy efficiency by 2030, program Eco-bat, the aim is reducing the high consumption in this sector, a new version of thermal regulation for buildings 2016 to introduce a minimum requirement for new buildings, to optimize ...

Energy Consumption in Residential Buildings: Comparison between Three Different Building Styles

Sustainable Development Research (ISSN 2690-9898 e-ISSN 2690-9901), 2020

More than one-third of the electricity generated in the world is being consumed in the residential sector. This study aims to model, simulate, and estimate electrical energy consumption in three different building styles. That is in order to compare and contrast energy consumption categories and their related social and architectural aspects for an unaddressed region that have its particular weather conditions and its special social and environmental aspects. The simulation is done by detailed modeling of the buildings using EnergyPlus. The results demonstrate that water heating systems account for almost one-fifth of the annual energy consumption. Cooling loads were found to be more than 5 times the heating loads. The peak of energy consumption was recorded to be in July, while the lowermost recorded in April and in November. The Apartment style requires the lowest annual energy consumption by an amount of 10 kWh/m 2 per person followed by the Duplex house with 13 kWh/m 2 per person, while the Single-Story house comes with the highest energy consumption of 18 kWh/m 2 per person. These represent local power consumption of 69, 79, and 90 kWh/m 2 , respectively. On average, the water heating, space cooling, plus interior lights consume about 60% of total energy requirements with a mostly equal share for each, while the equipment has the maximum share of 35% of the total, leaving about 5% for the rest. The results of this study may be used as a reference line in the future for the calculations of energy savings in similar regions.