Necrotising encephalitis in a French bulldog (original) (raw)
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Necrotizing encephalitis in Yorkshire terriers
Journal of Small Animal Practice, 1993
ABSTRACT During the past six years these authors have observed a distinctive multifocal non-suppurative necrotizing encephalitis in Yorkshire terriers. Histopathological findings were different from those in canine encephalitides of known and unknown causes. Clinically, the Yorkshire terriers presented primarily brain stem signs or evidence of cerebral involvement, including seizures. The course of the disease was mostly chronic and progressive. Protozoal, bacterial and mycotic organisms were not found on histopathological examinations. The morphology of the lesions was strongly suggestive of a viral aetiology. Immunocytochemistry as well as in situ hybridisation failed to provide evidence for canine distemper virus infection. Likewise, canine herpesvirus was not detected by immunocytochemistry. Other known canine encephalitides could be excluded on clinical and morphological grounds; however, certain similarities may exist to pug dog encephalitis.
Necrotizing Encephalitis in a Yorkshire Terrier: Clinical, Imaging, and Pathologic Findings
Veterinary Radiology <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Ultrasound, 1999
A ij-year-old, male Yorkshire Terrier had chronic and progressive neurologic signs compatible with lesions in the right brain stem and right forebrain. In magnetic resonance images of the brain there were multifocal lesions at different stages of evolution, consistent with an inflammatory disease. The lesions were located in the white matter of the cerebrum, in the diencephalon and mesencephalon. These lesions were hypointense in T1-weighted images and hyperintense in TZ-weighted images with no mass effect and minimal enhancement with gadolinium. Necrotizing encephalitis was confirmed post mortem.
Veterinary Radiology <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Ultrasound, 2006
Two young adult Yorkshire terriers had neurologic signs consistent with forebrain and brainstem involvement or forebrain involvement alone. On magnetic resonance imaging studies there were asymmetric bilateral lesions mainly in the cerebral cortex, and in the diencephalon. These areas were hyperintense on T2-weighted and FLAIR images, but hypointense or isointense on T1-weighted images. Lesions had a varying degree of contrast enhancement. Areas which were isointense on T1-weighted images had no contrast enhancement or only foci of contrast enhancement. Lesions with hypointensity in T1-weighted images had no enhancement or more frequently ring-like enhancement around the lesion. Necrotizing encephalitis was confirmed pathohistologically in both dogs. The degree of contrast enhancement appeared to be related to the degree of lymphohistiocytic inflammation on histologic examination.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Histologically Confirmed Pug Dog Encephalitis
Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 2008
The purpose of the study was to describe magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features of histologically confirmed necrotizing encephalitis in four Pugs and to compare those findings with MR imaging characteristics of necrotizing encephalitis in other breeds. All dogs had the following common findings: lesions restricted to the forebrain, both cerebral hemispheres diffusely but asymmetrically affected, lesions affected gray and white matter resulting in loss of distinction between both, most severe lesions in occipital and parietal lobes, lesions were irregularly T2-hyperintense and T1-isointense to slightly T1-hypointense, and no cavitation. There were various degrees of contrast enhancement of brain and leptomeninges. Asymmetry of lateral ventricles and midline shift was seen in one dog each. Two dogs had brain herniation, which may have contributed to the progression of neurologic signs. Hyperintensity on T2-weighted and fluid attenuated inversion recovery images in the hippocampus and piriform lobe was consistent with excitotoxic edema, whereas similar imaging features in other forebrain areas corresponded to areas of inflammation or liquefaction on histopathology. In comparison with necrotizing encephalitis in other canine breeds, Pug dog encephalitis has some unique MR imaging features. Therefore, these characteristics cannot be applied to other breeds, nor should imaging features of necrotizing encephalitis of other canine breeds be used for interpretation of MR images in Pug dogs. Veterinary
Clinical and Pathological Findings of Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis in a Maltese Dog
A 2-year-old, intact female Maltese dog was presented to the veterinarian with a history of acute neurological signs. On neurological examination the dog showed deficit of mental status (apathy and depression), seizures, constant howling, head turn and compulsive circling to the right side and falls to the left side. The treatment protocol using prednisolone (for seizures remission) and cyclosporine (initiated in the chronic stage) did not stop the progression of the disease and euthanasia was elected 65 days later. Necropsy revealed mild cerebral asymmetry, and in the frontal (more affected) parietal and occipital lobes of the right hemisphere there were friable, depressed and yellowish areas characterizing malacia. The left contralateral frontal lobe was edematous and slightly yellowish. At histopathology, the lesions were characterized by marked, multifocal to coalescing necrotizing meningoencephalitis, characterized by focally extensive areas of malacia, especially in the cortex of the frontal and right parietal lobes. Extension of lesions to white matter was observed only in the caudal region of the right frontal lobe. Plasma cells and lymphocytes infiltration was observed around vessels, leptomeninges and in the neuroparenchyma. In addition, the non-cavitation areas were also characterized by neuropil vacuolization, neuronal necrosis, neuronophagia, astroglyosis with various gemistocytes, endothelial hyperplasia and hypertrophy. The immunohistochemical analysis showed predominance of CD3 positive T lymphocytes in proportion to CD79 positive cells. Clinical signs, character and distribution of neurological lesions were compatible with necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME). This condition, initially reported only in Pugs, currently affects other breeds and attention should be given to the differential diagnosis with other neuropathies in dogs.
Traumatic Encephalitis in Dogs
Small Animal Advances
Introduction: Traumatic encephalitis is the inflammation of the brain caused by external trauma. This condition can lead to the manifestation of various nervous signs. Case report: A three-year-old male mongrel was brought to the Small Animal Medicine Unit of the Veterinary Clinical Complex, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry, India, with a history of hit injury, inappetence, haematuria and circling gait for the past three days. Clinical examination revealed circling gait and swelling at the base of the penis with other normal vital parameters. By the third day, there were some nervous signs, such as circling, head pressing, and torticollis with insomnia. Haemogram revealed anemia and neutrophilia with no evidence of blood parasites or protozoans. Radiological examination of the head and neck revealed increased atlanto-occipital joint space. The condition was diagnosed as traumatic encephalitis and was treated with Mannitol, Phenobarbital, Diazep...
Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis in Atypical Dog Breeds: A Case Series and Literature Review
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2013
Background: Canine necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) is a fatal, noninfectious inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. NME has been reported only in a small number of dog breeds, which has led to the presumption that it is a breed-restricted disorder. Hypothesis/Objectives: Our objective was to describe histopathologically confirmed NME in dog breeds in which the condition has not been reported previously and to provide preliminary evidence that NME affects a wider spectrum of dog breeds than previously reported. Animals: Four dogs with NME. Methods: Archives from 3 institutions and from 1 author's (BS) collection were reviewed to identify histopathologically confirmed cases of NME in breeds in which the disease has not been reported previously. Age, sex, breed, survival from onset of clinical signs, and histopathologic findings were evaluated. Results: Necrotizing meningoencephalitis was identified in 4 small dog breeds (Papillon, Shih Tzu, Coton de Tulear, and Brussels Griffon). Median age at clinical evaluation was 2.5 years. Histopathologic abnormalities included 2 or more of the following: lymphoplasmacytic or histiocytic meningoencephalitis or encephalitis, moderate-to-severe cerebrocortical necrosis, variable involvement of other anatomic locations within the brain (cerebellum, brainstem), and absence of detectable infectious agents. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Until now, NME has only been described in 5 small dog breeds. We document an additional 4 small breeds previously not shown to develop NME. Our cases further illustrate that NME is not a breedrestricted disorder and should be considered in the differential diagnosis for dogs with signalment and clinical signs consistent with inflammatory brain disease.
Eastern Equine Encephalitis in Dogs
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 2005
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is an Alphavirus that is endemic in the Southeastern United States. From 1993 to January 2005, the Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory in Tifton, Georgia, performed postmortem examinations on over 101 domestic canines exhibiting clinical neurological disturbances. In 12 of these dogs, brains were histologically suggestive of infection with EEEV. All dogs were less than 6 months of age, with no breed predilection. Clinical signs included pyrexia, depression, nystagmus, and lateral recumbency. Microscopically, brains from all 12 puppies contained infiltrates of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and histiocytes, with occasional neutrophils and random foci of astrocytosis and gliosis. There were mild to moderate perivascular infiltrates of neutrophils along with scattered lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages in the meninges. Viruses isolated from brain homogenates of all 12 puppies were confirmed by indirect fluorescent antibody t...
Eastern equine encephalitis in puppies in Michigan and New York states
Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc, 2018
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is classified as a select agent and is capable of causing mortality in humans and a number of veterinary species. Herein, we describe 3 cases of EEE in puppies in Michigan and New York. Two puppies were euthanized following an acute history of seizures and obtundation. A littermate of one of these puppies died 2 wk earlier following a history of anorexia and fever. All 3 puppies lacked significant gross anatomic lesions at autopsy and tested negative for rabies virus. In all 3 puppies, histologic examination revealed necrotizing, neutrophilic, lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis with strong positive immunohistochemical labeling for EEEV antigen in neurons and glial cells. The diagnosis of EEE was confirmed by PCR in one puppy and by plaque reduction neutralization testing in the other 2 dogs. EEE is rare in dogs, and has only been reported in puppies. The initial clinical signs of EEE in puppies are typically nonspecific, including anorexia...
Necrotizing Panencephalitis in Puppies Infected with La Crosse Virus
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 1994
Arboviral encephalitis in domestic animals in the United States is rare with the exception of equine encephalomyelitis in horses. 8 This report describes 2 cases in which La Crosse virus (LACV) was isolated from canine littermates with acute clinical encephalitis or sudden death. Both cases occurred in the southern region of the state of Georgia and were submitted as cadavers for necropsy to the Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory (VDIL) in Tifton, Georgia. On May 9, 1988, 4 2-week-old mixed-breed littermate puppies exhibited acute signs of central nervous system disease and were taken to a veterinarian. Three of the puppies had repeated seizures during the clinical examination. Because the clinical signs were compatible with a diagnosis of canine distemper virus encephalitis, the veterinarian issued a poor prognosis; the 3 puppies were euthanized and submitted to the VDIL for necropsy. The fourth puppy was mildly affected and was sent home without follow-up. On May 28, 1991, illness and deaths occurred in a litter of 7 8-day-old Brittany spaniel puppies. Two puppies were found dead and were taken to a veterinarian, who submitted the cadavers to the VDIL for necropsy. A third puppy was moribund and experienced breathing difficulty and died within the following hour. The veterinarian examined the 4 remaining puppies later that day and found them to be healthy. The same veterinarian had examined the entire litter 5 days previously. At that time, the animals appeared healthy, and tail docking was performed. A necropsy was performed on each of the 3 mixed-breed and 2 Brittany spaniel puppies submitted to the VDIL. Macroscopically, the brain of each puppy was severely and diffusely malacic. Other tissues appeared normal. Representative sections of lung, heart, liver, kidney, urinary bladder,