Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine with epinephrine in piglets following epidural anaesthesia (original) (raw)
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Serum lidocaine concentration after epidural administration in dogs
The pharmacokinetics of lidocaine deals with the measurement of lidocaine concentration in the blood and its changes over time. The toxicity of lidocaine is a function of its peak plasma concentration, which in turn depends on several factors including total dose and rates of systemic absorption and elimination. The aim of the study was to assess serum levels of lidocaine after a single shot epidural injection in dogs seen in daily practice. The study included nine dogs undergoing different types of surgery. The animals were anesthetized with a combination of diazepam and ketamine; then lidocaine was injected epidurally. Blood samples for measurement of serum lidocaine concentration were obtained before and at 10, 30, 60 and 120 min after single injection. Basic vital parameters of heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure and hemoglobin saturation were recorded before induction of general anesthesia (T1), immediately after intubation (T2), and then at 10, 30, 60 and 120 ...
Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A-physiology Pathology Clinical Medicine, 1998
The effects of total intravenous anaesthesia using diazepam-ketamine (D-K) mixture in combination with epidural lidocaine or xylazine were studied in 17 healthy Iranian fat-tailed sheep undergoing hindlimb orthopaedic surgery. All sheep were given diazepam (0.4 mg/kg) and ketamine (4 mg/kg) as induction agents. Following endotracheal intubation and administration of oxygen, the animal received lidocaine (2 Yo, 0.2 d k g = 4 mg/kg) or xylazine (0.08 mg/kg, diluted in 0.9 % NaCl to a volume of 0.2 ml/kg) epidurally. Anaesthesia was maintained for 174.2 & 7.8 minutes by intermittent injection of D-K (2.5 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml, respectively). This drug combination provided satisfactory anaesthesia for more than 2.5 hours. The quality of recovery was good. Our results demonstrate that the combination of total intravenous anaesthesia (D-K) and epidural analgesia (lidocaine or xylazine) provides a suitable technique for hindlimb orthopaedic surgery in sheep. Epidural administration of lidocaine or xylazine provided effective analgesia and significantly decreased the dose of D-K required to maintain anaesthesia. Further Studies would be required to determine details of cardiopulmonary effects of D-K infusion.
Evaluation of Lidocaine/Ropivacaine Combination for Epidural Anesthesia in Goats
Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2022
This study evaluated lidocaine/ropivacaine combination for epidural anesthesia by comparing the anesthetic indices and physiologic changes associated with epidural administration of lidocaine, ropivacaine and lidocaine-ropivacaine combination in goats. Using a prospective crossover study design, four male adult West African Dwarf goats received epidural injections of lidocaine (2 mg kg-1), ropivacaine (1 mg kg-1) and lidocaine-ropivacaine (1 mg kg-1 ; 0.5 mg kg-1) at two-week treatment intervals for drug wash out. Onset of analgesia was significantly longer (p ˂ 0.05) with lidocaineropivacaine (6.25 ± 2.22 minutes) than with ropivacaine (3.50 ±1.73 minutes) and lidocaine (3.00 ± 1.63 minutes). Duration of analgesia was significantly (p ˂ 0.05) longer with lidocaine-ropivacaine (168.50 ± 45.53 minutes) than with lidocaine (98.00 ± 26.65 minutes) but significantly shorter (p ˂ 0.05) than with ropivacaine (229.25 ± 33.54 minutes). Respective values for duration of recumbency and time to standing were intermediate with lidocaine-ropivacaine (137.00 ± 57.87; 200.50 ± 37.17minutes); longest with ropivacaine (167.00 ± 55.94; 281.25 ± 23.77 minutes) and shortest with lidocaine (80.75 ± 28.27; 130.50 ± 24.72 minutes) (p≤0.05). There were no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) in physiological parameters temperature, heart and respiratory rates of goats following the three treatments. Epidural ropivacaine appears the best for long surgical procedures. The lidocaine-ropivacaine combination will be useful for procedures of moderate duration where a longer duration of analgesia than that produced by lidocaine alone is needed or where shorter recumbency period than possible with ropivacaine alone is desirable.
Veterinary Surgery, 1995
To determine cardiopulmonary and analgesic effects of lidocaine, alfentanil, and xylazine in pigs anesthetized with isoflurane, 18 healthy Landrace-Large White pigs were studied (six for each drug). General anesthesia was induced with isoflurane in O2 and maintained with I% to 1.2% end-tidal ISO, ensuring presence of a pain response before epidural drug administration. Heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressures (AP), cardiac output (CO), pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), central venous pressure, respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (TV), minute volume (MV), arterial blood gas data, core temperature (CT), and analgesic effects (by pricking the lumbar area and the abdominal wall) were determined at various times (2, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes) after epidural administration of lidocaine ( 5 mg/kg), alfentanil (5 pg/kg), or xylazine (0.2 mg/kg), all diluted in NaCl 0.9% to 0.5 mL/kg. Statistical analysis included two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures and the least significant difference test for determining differences among means. A probability level of P < .05 was used.
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 2012
This blinded, randomised experimental study was designed to compare the analgesic effects of lumbosacral epidural administration of lidocaine-epinephrine or lidocaine-xylazine combinations in fat-tailed sheep. Nine healthy fat-tailed male lambs (mean ± s.d. age, 4.6 ± 0.4 months; weight, 24.6 kg ± 2.5 kg) were randomly allocated into four groups of six sheep: lidocaine 2% (LID), lidocaine-epinephrine 5 µg/mL (LIDEP), lidocaine-xylazine 0.05 mg/kg (LIDXY) or bupivacaine 0.5% (BUP). The onset and duration of flank, perineum and hindlimb anaesthesia and the onset and duration of hindlimb paralysis were recorded. Epidural administration of LID, LIDEP, LIDXY or BUP produced anaesthesia within 6.6 min, 7.6 min, 3.4 min and 8.4 min, respectively. The mean onset of anaesthesia in the LIDXY group was significantly shorter compared with the BUP group (p = 0.02). The mean duration of anaesthesia was 107.9 min, 190.4 min, 147.6 min and 169.7 min for LID, LIDEP, LIDXY and BUP, respectively. The ...
Hemodynamic effects of epidural lidocaine vs lidocaine-adrenaline in dogs
Veterinarski …, 2011
Adrenaline is often added to local anaesthetic solutions to minimize and slow the systemic absorption of local anaesthetics, and thus reduce the possibility of adverse effects of these drugs and to prolong duration of action. The authors compared the effects of epidural anaesthesia with lidocaine and lidocaine-adrenaline mixture on hemodynamic changes and lidocaine serum concentrations in dogs. A total of 10 dogs of both sexes were included in study. The animals were randomly divided into one of the two groups: the lidocaine group (Group L, n5) receiving 2% lidocaine 3.3 mg/kg and the second group (Group LA, n = 5) receiving 2% lidocaine solution containing adrenaline in the same dose and volume. Lidocaine serum concentrations and hemodynamic changes associated with epidural block were recorded at 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after local anaesthetic administration. The associated changes in respiratory rates (RR), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2), pH and body temperature were also noted. Statistical analysis was performed for both inter-group and in-group comparisons of parameters. Heart rate and cardiac output increased signifi cantly in Group LA compared to baseline values. Arterial and pulmonary artery pressure decreased signifi cantly in Group L with signifi cant differences between the groups for the changes in these parameters. The mean serum concentrations of lidocaine were lower in Group LA compared to Group L at all times after administration.
Comparison of the effects of lidocaine and fentanyl in epidural anesthesia in dogs
Bratislava Medical Journal, 2014
The study included 12 clinically healthy, adult male dogs of various breeds, admitted to our clinic for castration. After general anesthesia with sevofl urane, we administered epidural fentanyl (1 mcg/kg) to fentanyl group, while lidocaine group was given Lidocaine (3 mg/kg) through epidural administration. When hemodynamic parameters were stabilized, fi rst measurements were recorded at minutes 0, 15, 30, 60 in both groups, which included Heart Rate (HR), body temperature, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), sodium (Na +), potassium (K +), glucose (GLC), and hemoglobin (HB) measurements. In addition, serum samples were obtained from arterial blood at the same measurement times, and pH, pO 2 , pCO 2 , HCO 3 , %O 2 Saturation, BE levels were measured. For hematological analysis, WBC, RBC, HCT, THR counts were performed. For serum biochemical analysis, venous blood samples were collected at minutes 0 and 60 and CK, TP, UREA, ALT, AST, ALB, GGT, CRE, CK-MB parameters were assessed using auto-analyzer. Moreover, cortisol levels were measured in the samples collected at minutes 0, 30, and 60. Mean arterial blood pressure values measured at minutes 15, 30 and 60 were found signifi cantly lower in the fentanyl group (p<0.01). In conclusion, we suggest that epidural anesthesia with lidocaine and fentanyl can provide an effective and safe option in high-risk groups (Tab. 5, Fig. 1, Ref. 24). Text in PDF www.elis.sk.
Influence of general anesthesia on pharmacokinetics of intravenous lidocaine infusion in horses
American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2005
Objective-To compare the disposition of lidocaine administered IV in awake and anesthetized horses. Animals-16 horses. Procedure-After instrumentation and collection of baseline data, lidocaine (loading infusion, 1.3 mg/kg administered during 15 minutes (87 µg/kg/min); constant rate infusion, 50 µg/kg/min) was administered IV to awake or anesthetized horses for a total of 105 minutes. Blood samples were collected at fixed times during the loading and maintenance infusion periods and after the infusion period for analysis of serum lidocaine concentrations by use of liquid chromatography with mass spectral detection. Selected cardiopulmonary parameters including heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), arterial pH, PaCO 2 , and PaO 2 were also recorded at fixed time points during lidocaine administration. Serum lidocaine concentrations were evaluated by use of standard noncompartmental analysis. Results-Serum lidocaine concentrations were higher in anesthetized than awake horses at all time points during lidocaine administration. Serum lidocaine concentrations reached peak values during the loading infusion in both groups (1,849 ± 385 ng/mL and 3,348 ± 602 ng/mL in awake and anesthetized horses, respectively). Most lidocaine pharmacokinetic variables also differed between groups. Differences in cardiopulmonary variables were predictable; for example, HR and MAP were lower and PaO 2 was higher in anesthetized than awake horses but within reference ranges reported for horses under similar conditions. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Anesthesia has an influence on the disposition of lidocaine in horses, and a change in dosing during anesthesia should be considered. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:574-580)
2014
The objective of the present experience was to study the effects of metoclopramide and tramadol on epidural analgesia induced by lidocaine in rabbits.Fifteen healthy New Zealand White rabbits weighting 3-3.5 kg of both genders were used.Animals were divided randomly into three groups. Three different combinations of drugs were injected into the epidural space to induce epidural analgesia in the following order: group A2% lidocaine (1.5 ml), group B the combination of 2% lidocaine (1.5 ml) and metoclopramide (0.5 ml) and group C, the combination of 2% lidocaine (1.5 ml) and tramadol (0.2 ml). The procedure was repeated 48 hours and a week after the first injection. The onset time of analgesia (OT), duration of flaccid paresis (DFP) and duration of analgesia (DA) was determined in all treatments. There was no complication in the induction of epidural analgesia.Statistical analysis showed thatmean of OT in group C (15.7±4.2 sec), was significantly lower in comparison to group A (68.6±1...