Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine with epinephrine in piglets following epidural anaesthesia (original) (raw)
Serum lidocaine concentration after epidural administration in dogs
The pharmacokinetics of lidocaine deals with the measurement of lidocaine concentration in the blood and its changes over time. The toxicity of lidocaine is a function of its peak plasma concentration, which in turn depends on several factors including total dose and rates of systemic absorption and elimination. The aim of the study was to assess serum levels of lidocaine after a single shot epidural injection in dogs seen in daily practice. The study included nine dogs undergoing different types of surgery. The animals were anesthetized with a combination of diazepam and ketamine; then lidocaine was injected epidurally. Blood samples for measurement of serum lidocaine concentration were obtained before and at 10, 30, 60 and 120 min after single injection. Basic vital parameters of heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure and hemoglobin saturation were recorded before induction of general anesthesia (T1), immediately after intubation (T2), and then at 10, 30, 60 and 120 ...
Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A-physiology Pathology Clinical Medicine, 1998
The effects of total intravenous anaesthesia using diazepam-ketamine (D-K) mixture in combination with epidural lidocaine or xylazine were studied in 17 healthy Iranian fat-tailed sheep undergoing hindlimb orthopaedic surgery. All sheep were given diazepam (0.4 mg/kg) and ketamine (4 mg/kg) as induction agents. Following endotracheal intubation and administration of oxygen, the animal received lidocaine (2 Yo, 0.2 d k g = 4 mg/kg) or xylazine (0.08 mg/kg, diluted in 0.9 % NaCl to a volume of 0.2 ml/kg) epidurally. Anaesthesia was maintained for 174.2 & 7.8 minutes by intermittent injection of D-K (2.5 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml, respectively). This drug combination provided satisfactory anaesthesia for more than 2.5 hours. The quality of recovery was good. Our results demonstrate that the combination of total intravenous anaesthesia (D-K) and epidural analgesia (lidocaine or xylazine) provides a suitable technique for hindlimb orthopaedic surgery in sheep. Epidural administration of lidocaine or xylazine provided effective analgesia and significantly decreased the dose of D-K required to maintain anaesthesia. Further Studies would be required to determine details of cardiopulmonary effects of D-K infusion.
Evaluation of Lidocaine/Ropivacaine Combination for Epidural Anesthesia in Goats
Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2022
This study evaluated lidocaine/ropivacaine combination for epidural anesthesia by comparing the anesthetic indices and physiologic changes associated with epidural administration of lidocaine, ropivacaine and lidocaine-ropivacaine combination in goats. Using a prospective crossover study design, four male adult West African Dwarf goats received epidural injections of lidocaine (2 mg kg-1), ropivacaine (1 mg kg-1) and lidocaine-ropivacaine (1 mg kg-1 ; 0.5 mg kg-1) at two-week treatment intervals for drug wash out. Onset of analgesia was significantly longer (p ˂ 0.05) with lidocaineropivacaine (6.25 ± 2.22 minutes) than with ropivacaine (3.50 ±1.73 minutes) and lidocaine (3.00 ± 1.63 minutes). Duration of analgesia was significantly (p ˂ 0.05) longer with lidocaine-ropivacaine (168.50 ± 45.53 minutes) than with lidocaine (98.00 ± 26.65 minutes) but significantly shorter (p ˂ 0.05) than with ropivacaine (229.25 ± 33.54 minutes). Respective values for duration of recumbency and time to standing were intermediate with lidocaine-ropivacaine (137.00 ± 57.87; 200.50 ± 37.17minutes); longest with ropivacaine (167.00 ± 55.94; 281.25 ± 23.77 minutes) and shortest with lidocaine (80.75 ± 28.27; 130.50 ± 24.72 minutes) (p≤0.05). There were no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) in physiological parameters temperature, heart and respiratory rates of goats following the three treatments. Epidural ropivacaine appears the best for long surgical procedures. The lidocaine-ropivacaine combination will be useful for procedures of moderate duration where a longer duration of analgesia than that produced by lidocaine alone is needed or where shorter recumbency period than possible with ropivacaine alone is desirable.
Veterinary Surgery, 1995
To determine cardiopulmonary and analgesic effects of lidocaine, alfentanil, and xylazine in pigs anesthetized with isoflurane, 18 healthy Landrace-Large White pigs were studied (six for each drug). General anesthesia was induced with isoflurane in O2 and maintained with I% to 1.2% end-tidal ISO, ensuring presence of a pain response before epidural drug administration. Heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressures (AP), cardiac output (CO), pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), central venous pressure, respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (TV), minute volume (MV), arterial blood gas data, core temperature (CT), and analgesic effects (by pricking the lumbar area and the abdominal wall) were determined at various times (2, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes) after epidural administration of lidocaine ( 5 mg/kg), alfentanil (5 pg/kg), or xylazine (0.2 mg/kg), all diluted in NaCl 0.9% to 0.5 mL/kg. Statistical analysis included two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures and the least significant difference test for determining differences among means. A probability level of P < .05 was used.
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 2012
This blinded, randomised experimental study was designed to compare the analgesic effects of lumbosacral epidural administration of lidocaine-epinephrine or lidocaine-xylazine combinations in fat-tailed sheep. Nine healthy fat-tailed male lambs (mean ± s.d. age, 4.6 ± 0.4 months; weight, 24.6 kg ± 2.5 kg) were randomly allocated into four groups of six sheep: lidocaine 2% (LID), lidocaine-epinephrine 5 µg/mL (LIDEP), lidocaine-xylazine 0.05 mg/kg (LIDXY) or bupivacaine 0.5% (BUP). The onset and duration of flank, perineum and hindlimb anaesthesia and the onset and duration of hindlimb paralysis were recorded. Epidural administration of LID, LIDEP, LIDXY or BUP produced anaesthesia within 6.6 min, 7.6 min, 3.4 min and 8.4 min, respectively. The mean onset of anaesthesia in the LIDXY group was significantly shorter compared with the BUP group (p = 0.02). The mean duration of anaesthesia was 107.9 min, 190.4 min, 147.6 min and 169.7 min for LID, LIDEP, LIDXY and BUP, respectively. The ...
Hemodynamic effects of epidural lidocaine vs lidocaine-adrenaline in dogs
Veterinarski …, 2011
Adrenaline is often added to local anaesthetic solutions to minimize and slow the systemic absorption of local anaesthetics, and thus reduce the possibility of adverse effects of these drugs and to prolong duration of action. The authors compared the effects of epidural anaesthesia with lidocaine and lidocaine-adrenaline mixture on hemodynamic changes and lidocaine serum concentrations in dogs. A total of 10 dogs of both sexes were included in study. The animals were randomly divided into one of the two groups: the lidocaine group (Group L, n5) receiving 2% lidocaine 3.3 mg/kg and the second group (Group LA, n = 5) receiving 2% lidocaine solution containing adrenaline in the same dose and volume. Lidocaine serum concentrations and hemodynamic changes associated with epidural block were recorded at 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after local anaesthetic administration. The associated changes in respiratory rates (RR), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2), pH and body temperature were also noted. Statistical analysis was performed for both inter-group and in-group comparisons of parameters. Heart rate and cardiac output increased signifi cantly in Group LA compared to baseline values. Arterial and pulmonary artery pressure decreased signifi cantly in Group L with signifi cant differences between the groups for the changes in these parameters. The mean serum concentrations of lidocaine were lower in Group LA compared to Group L at all times after administration.
Comparison of the effects of lidocaine and fentanyl in epidural anesthesia in dogs
Bratislava Medical Journal, 2014
The study included 12 clinically healthy, adult male dogs of various breeds, admitted to our clinic for castration. After general anesthesia with sevofl urane, we administered epidural fentanyl (1 mcg/kg) to fentanyl group, while lidocaine group was given Lidocaine (3 mg/kg) through epidural administration. When hemodynamic parameters were stabilized, fi rst measurements were recorded at minutes 0, 15, 30, 60 in both groups, which included Heart Rate (HR), body temperature, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), sodium (Na +), potassium (K +), glucose (GLC), and hemoglobin (HB) measurements. In addition, serum samples were obtained from arterial blood at the same measurement times, and pH, pO 2 , pCO 2 , HCO 3 , %O 2 Saturation, BE levels were measured. For hematological analysis, WBC, RBC, HCT, THR counts were performed. For serum biochemical analysis, venous blood samples were collected at minutes 0 and 60 and CK, TP, UREA, ALT, AST, ALB, GGT, CRE, CK-MB parameters were assessed using auto-analyzer. Moreover, cortisol levels were measured in the samples collected at minutes 0, 30, and 60. Mean arterial blood pressure values measured at minutes 15, 30 and 60 were found signifi cantly lower in the fentanyl group (p<0.01). In conclusion, we suggest that epidural anesthesia with lidocaine and fentanyl can provide an effective and safe option in high-risk groups (Tab. 5, Fig. 1, Ref. 24). Text in PDF www.elis.sk.
Influence of general anesthesia on pharmacokinetics of intravenous lidocaine infusion in horses
American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2005
Objective-To compare the disposition of lidocaine administered IV in awake and anesthetized horses. Animals-16 horses. Procedure-After instrumentation and collection of baseline data, lidocaine (loading infusion, 1.3 mg/kg administered during 15 minutes (87 µg/kg/min); constant rate infusion, 50 µg/kg/min) was administered IV to awake or anesthetized horses for a total of 105 minutes. Blood samples were collected at fixed times during the loading and maintenance infusion periods and after the infusion period for analysis of serum lidocaine concentrations by use of liquid chromatography with mass spectral detection. Selected cardiopulmonary parameters including heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), arterial pH, PaCO 2 , and PaO 2 were also recorded at fixed time points during lidocaine administration. Serum lidocaine concentrations were evaluated by use of standard noncompartmental analysis. Results-Serum lidocaine concentrations were higher in anesthetized than awake horses at all time points during lidocaine administration. Serum lidocaine concentrations reached peak values during the loading infusion in both groups (1,849 ± 385 ng/mL and 3,348 ± 602 ng/mL in awake and anesthetized horses, respectively). Most lidocaine pharmacokinetic variables also differed between groups. Differences in cardiopulmonary variables were predictable; for example, HR and MAP were lower and PaO 2 was higher in anesthetized than awake horses but within reference ranges reported for horses under similar conditions. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Anesthesia has an influence on the disposition of lidocaine in horses, and a change in dosing during anesthesia should be considered. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:574-580)
2014
The objective of the present experience was to study the effects of metoclopramide and tramadol on epidural analgesia induced by lidocaine in rabbits.Fifteen healthy New Zealand White rabbits weighting 3-3.5 kg of both genders were used.Animals were divided randomly into three groups. Three different combinations of drugs were injected into the epidural space to induce epidural analgesia in the following order: group A2% lidocaine (1.5 ml), group B the combination of 2% lidocaine (1.5 ml) and metoclopramide (0.5 ml) and group C, the combination of 2% lidocaine (1.5 ml) and tramadol (0.2 ml). The procedure was repeated 48 hours and a week after the first injection. The onset time of analgesia (OT), duration of flaccid paresis (DFP) and duration of analgesia (DA) was determined in all treatments. There was no complication in the induction of epidural analgesia.Statistical analysis showed thatmean of OT in group C (15.7±4.2 sec), was significantly lower in comparison to group A (68.6±1...
E3 JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH
Epidural anesthesia is commonly utilized in veterinary medicine to allow diagnostic, obstetrical, and surgical interventions caudal to the umbilicus in the perineal region of large animal. Addition of a vasoconstrictor to a local anesthetic has been shown to have several beneficial effects. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of lidocaine with epinephrine on physiological, haematological and biochemical parameters in pregnant West African dwarf goats. Four healthy pregnant goats were administered with lidocaine combined with epinephrine (4kg/ml) in the lumbosacral epidural space. Physiological parameters were taken at 30minutes intervals while the hematological and biochemical analyses were done hourly for 3 hours. There were decreases in the hematological parameters including Hb, PCV, RBCs, Neutrophil and platelets after epidural analgesia especially at second and third hours post administration. The glucose, sodium ion, potassium ion, chloride ion, bicarbonate ion increased significantly (P<0.05) at the third hour post administration while the urea and creatinine levels did not show any significant change. The heart rate decreased significantly (P<0.05) post administration of drugs when compared with the onset, respiratory rate increased while the rectal temperature showed a non-significant change. In conclusion, the combination of epinephrine and lidocaine solution for epidural anaesthesia provided a prolonged duration of action without any serious adverse effects in pregnant goats.
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2011
Objective To evaluate the speed of onset and duration of loss of sensation in the flank following paravertebral administration of lidocaine (with or without epinephrine) or bupivacaine. Study design Blinded, randomized experimental study. Animals Nine healthy fat-tailed male lambs (mean weight ± SD, 22.9 ± 3 kg). Each animal was used twice. Methods Animals were allocated randomly to receive two of three treatments: lidocaine 2% (LID, n = 6), lidocaine with epinephrine 5 lg mL)1 (LIDEP, n = 6) or bupivacaine 0.5% (BUP, n = 6). The sheep received a total volume of 9 mL (3 mL for each paravertebral nerve) of anaesthetic. Onset and duration of loss of sensation on the flank were evaluated using nociceptive stimuli (superficial and deep pin-prick and clamping with a haemostat). Values for heart (HR) and respiratory (f R) rates, rectal and skin temperatures were recorded before and at predetermined intervals after paravertebral injection. Parameters were compared using ANOVA followed by Duncan's test where relevant. Results Mean ± SD times to onset of loss of flank sensation following paravertebral administration of LID, LIDEP or BUP were 1.8 ± 1.2, 2.0 ± 0.9 and 3.6 ± 1.3 minutes, respectively. Durations of action in minutes were 65 ± 18, 95 ± 46 and 303 ± 98, respectively. Onset and duration of effects after BUP treatment were significantly longer than after LID or LIDEP (p < 0.05), but did not differ significantly between LID and LIDEP. No clinical signs of local anaesthetic toxicity were noticed and HR and f R remained stable with all protocols. Conclusions and clinical relevance Paravertebral administration of bupivacaine produces a longer duration of anaesthesia when compared to lidocaine with or without epinephrine and is indicated when prolonged flank surgery is to be performed.
Analgesic and cardiopulmonary effects of epidural injections of 2% lidocaine (4mg/kg, n=6) and pethidine (2.5mg/kg, n=6) were compared in healthy goats weighing 18-25 kg. All drugs were injected at lumbosacral epidural space. Mean heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, analgesia effect (response to pinprick stimuli), sedation and motor incoordination were determined. Results were recorded before and at various times (every 5 minutes for the first 10 minutes and every 10 minutes upto 2 hrs) after the epidural injection. Onset of analgesia was after 5 minutes following injection of either lidocaine or pethidine. Duration of analgesia was over 120 minutes and 60 minutes after epidural injection of lidocaine and pethidine respectively. Hind limb paralysis was observed in goats that received lidocaine while only mild incoordination was observed in pethidine treated goats except for one goat that remained recumbent for the entire observation period. Significant increase in body temperature was recorded in 10 minutes after pethidine injection but did not change following lidocaine injection. There was no significant change in heart rate following epidural injection of lidocaine but significantly decreased following pethidine injection. Respiration rate significantly increased in lidocaine group but did not change in pethidine treated goats. Results of this study indicate that epidural injection of pethidine at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg produce analgesia of a shorter duration compared to lidocaine, but is sufficient and safe for short duration surgeries of the perineal region in goats.
Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia, 2012
Introduction: In spite of introduction of intermediate-acting neuromuscular blocking drugs (NMBDs), incidence of postoperative residual muscle weakness is still high. The aim of this trial is to study the effect of systemic lidocaine infusion on intraoperative consumption of rocuronium and TOF ratios at extubation and on arrival to postanesthesia care unit (PACU). Methods: Forty-six ASA I-III patients aged 16-60 yr were randomly allocated into two groups: lidocaine (L) group (n = 23) and control (C) group (n = 23). After induction of standard endotracheal general anesthesia with fentanyl, propofol and rocuronium, patients of group L were given i.v. lidocaine bolus (1.5 mg kg À1) followed by continuous infusion (1.5 mg kg À1 h À1) till time of endotracheal extubation while patients in group C were given equal volumes of normal saline. Rocuronium was titrated based on clinical signs. On conclusion of surgery, neostigmine was given to reverse the effects of rocuronium if TOF count was two or more. Immediately before extubation, TOF ratio was measured and recorded and considered the primary outcome. Results: There were no significant differences between the two study groups regarding intraoperative fentanyl doses or core temperature at the end of surgery. End-tidal sevoflurane concentrations were significantly lower in group L than in group P (P < 0.01). The dose of rocuronium was significantly less in group L than in group C (P = 0.001). Train-of four ratios were significantly higher in group L than in group C either before extubation (P < 0.001) or on arrival to PACU (P = 0.001). Conclusion: The current study shows that intraoperative use of i.v. lidocaine infusion in generally anesthetized patients can result in higher TOF ratios at time of extubation and on arrival to PACU when rocuronium was given based on clinical signs.
Veterinary World, 2011
The present study was conducted to evaluate the clinico-physiological effects of epidural anaesthesia using lignocaine alone and in combination with ketamine in cow calves. Eight clinically healthy nondescript , stall-fed male cow calves aged 7 to 8 months and weighing 55 to 65 kg were used in the study. Animals were divided in two groups of four animals each. In (group A) lignocaine @ 0.5mg/kg body wt. and in (group B) lignocaine @ 0.5mg/kg body wt with ketamine @ 2 mg/kg body wt. was administered at first inter coccygeal epidural space. Clinical observations such as, onset, depth of analgesia, area of desensitization, motor incoordination, salivation, heart-rate, respiration rate and rectal temperature O (F) were recorded before and at 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150,180 and 240 minutes after injection of drug(s). Ruminal movements were recorded at every 30 minutes after the injection of drug(s) upto complete recovery and 24 hours after the injection. The onset of analgesia in group B was significantly shorter as compared to group A. Group B animals induced deeper analgesia as compared to group A. In group A animals decrease in heart rate was recorded whereas in group B animals heart rate was increased. In group A, decrease in RR was observed.
Comparison of tramadol, lidocaine and tramadol-lidocaine combination for epidural analgesia in goats
ARTICLE INFO The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic effect of tramadol, lidocaine and tramadol-lidocaine combination injected in the epidural space in goats. Nine goats were used to compare the epidural analgesic effect of tramadol (3 mg / kg), 2% lidocaine (2.86 mg/kg) and tramadol-lidocaine combination (1 mg /kg and 2.46 mg kg, resp.). Onset time, duration, and degree of analgesia and ataxia were recorded as well as Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), and biochemical parameters were recorded. Time to onset and duration of analgesia, were tramadol 10 min and 225 min; lidocaine 4 min and 85 min and tramadol-lidocaine 4 min and 130 min respectively. Onset time and duration were significantly longer with tramadol and tramadol-lidocaine combination than the other treatment. Ataxia was not observed in tramadol and mildly observed in tramadol-lidocaine combination and was severing in lidocaine. Tramadol and tramadol-lidocaine combination might be clinically useful to provide analgesia in goats for long-duration surgical procedures than lidocaine alone.
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2011
Objective To evaluate the isoflurane-sparing effects of lidocaine administered by constant rate infusion (CRI) during umbilical surgery in calves. Study design Randomized 'blinded' prospective clinical study. Animals Thirty calves (mean 4.7 ± SD 2.5 weeks old) undergoing umbilical surgery. Methods After premedication with xylazine (0.1 mg kg)1 , IM), anaesthesia was induced with ketamine (4 mg kg)1 , IV) and maintained with isoflurane in O 2 administered through a circle breathing system. The calves were assigned randomly to receive a bolus of 2 mg kg)1 lidocaine IV after induction of anaesthesia, followed by CRI of 50 lg kg)1 minute)1 (group L, n = 15) or a bolus and CRI of 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl, group S, n = 15). End-tidal isoflurane was adjusted to achieve adequate depth of anaesthesia. Heart rate, direct arterial blood pressure and body temperature were measured intraoperatively. Groups were compared by t-tests, ANOVA or Mann-Whitney rank sum test as appropriate. Results The end-tidal concentration of isoflurane (median, IQR) was significantly lower in group L [1.0% (0.94-1.1)] compared to group S [1.2% (1.1-1.5)], indicating a 16.7% reduction in anaesthetic requirement during lidocaine CRI. Cardiopulmonary parameters and recovery times did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusion and clinical relevance Lidocaine CRI may be used as a supplement to inhalation anaesthesia during umbilical surgery in calves in countries where such a protocol would be within the legal requirements for veterinary use in food animals. This study did not show any measurable benefit to the calves other than a reduction in isoflurane requirement.
The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of epidural injection of lidocaine alone and lidocaine plus neostigmine for perineal analgesia in buffalo. Caudal epidural analgesia was performed in ten water buffalo calves at the sacrococcygeal extradural space. It was produced in all calves by 2% lidocaine alone (LA) (0.22 mg/kg) and with 2 weeks intervals, repeated by a combination of lidocaine– neostigmine (LN) (0.22 mg/kg and 10 µg/kg respectively). Analgesia was tested using deep pin prick stimuli. The time of onset and duration of analgesia, ataxia, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and rectal temperature (RT) were compared among the two treatments. These parameters were determined before drug administration (baseline 0), at 10 minute intervals thereafter. haemato-biochemical parameters such as haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV%), total leukocyte count (TLC), total erythrocytes count (TEC), alanine aminotrans-ferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and blood glucose were determined. Both treatments resulted in complete analgesia of the tail, perineum, and the upper parts of the hind limbs. The onset of analgesia was faster, but not significant in LN group compared with LA group. The duration of epidural analgesia was significantly longer in LN group than in the LA group. Both treatments produced mild or moderate motor block. There was no significant alteration in HR, RR, and RT in both treatments. The haematological parameters decreased in all the groups. The biochemical parameters like ALT, ALP, BUN and glucose increased in all the animals. All haemato-biochemical parameters return to baseline levels at 24h. No adverse effects were observed in any of the buffaloe calves. In conclusion, the combination of LN produced analgesia of longer duration than LA. This combination would appear to be recommended for single-dose epidural administration in buffalo calves undergoing long surgical procedures in the perineal region.
A Prospective Study about Safety and Efficacy of Perioperative Lidocaine Infusion
Book Publisher International (a part of SCIENCEDOMAIN International), 2022
Background: After introduction of synthetic opioids, in 1960s, safe and stress-free opioid balanced anesthesia has been developed. Opioids have well known side effects such as respiratory depression, immunosuppression, muscle rigidity, negative inotropism, nausea, vomiting, hyperalgesia, urinary retention, postoperative ileus and drowsiness which are clinically important. Perioperative opioids are important factor of opioid epidemic in USA and other countries. Therefore, there is increased interest in perioperative use of non-opioid analgesics especially lidocaine. Patients and Methods: 185 adult patients, undergoing various elective surgical procedures, were divided into; control group I (105 patients) [Fentanyl Group], and group II (80 patients) [Opioid Free Anesthesia Group]. Patients of both groups received at anesthetic induction; lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg bolus followed by 1.5 mg/kg/h infusion intraoperatively, and 2 mg/Kg/h infusion for 2-8 hours postoperatively. Both groups received other analgesic adjuvants such as diclofenac 75 mg, paracetamol 1 gm, and MgSO 4 30-50 mg/kg intraoperatively. A supplemental fentanyl 1 mcg/kg was used if there is increase of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and/ or heart rate (HR) more than 20% above base line. Intraoperative fentanyl consumption and visual analog scale (VAS) pain score assessment at immediate recovery time as well as after 24 hours postoperatively were assessed and analgesic requirements were recorded. Postoperative bowel function was also monitored by auscultation until recovery. Results: Supplemental intraoperative fentanyl was needed in 8.6% of cases in group I, and in 30% of cases in group II. Group II also needed a higher minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane during first 30 minutes. Both groups needed analgesia immediately post extubation if surgeries were less than 3 hours. After 8 hours of lidocaine infusion, there was no need for additional opioids for 24 hours and only paracetamol 1 gm and/or diclofenac 75 mg were enough in both groups. No significant differences in bowel function were observed between the 2 groups. There are no clinically detected or observed toxicity or side effects due to lidocaine infusion. Conclusion: Safety and efficacy of perioperative lidocaine infusion have been demonstrated. Opioid free anesthesia (OFA) is possible in 70% of cases. Antinociceptive action of lidocaine is time dependent and no immediate analgesia was needed after extubation if the duration of intraoperative lidocaine infusion was more than 3 hours as the VAS