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Cellular and Organismal Toxicity of Nanoparticles and Its Associated Health Concerns
NanoBioMedicine, 2020
The demand for nanotechnology in biomedical science is escalating rapidly as novel nanomaterials help in rebuilding the life of patients suffering from serious health conditions. Nanomaterials are widely used for biomedical applications such as drug delivery carriers, diagnostic agents, image-contrasting agents, tissue engineering, targeted cancer therapy, and so on. However, due to poor understanding of mechanisms at the nanoscale, nature had to deal with the negative face of the nanotechnology broadly called as nanotoxicity. Nanotoxicology is therefore the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials at the cellular, organism, and environmental levels. Variety of nanoparticles (NPs) prepared from sources like metals, semiconductors, polymers, and lipids behave differently in cells due to the difference in their surface functionality, size and shape anisotropy, charge and dispersity in polar or nonpolar solvents, etc. Therefore, since the last decade, the scientific community has shown keen interest to understand the NPs toxicity at different biological levels of the organization. Cellular toxicity is mainly due to the intervention of NPs in cellular processes leading to oxidative stress, altered signaling, proliferation, and death pathways. Nanotoxicity in organism level causes defects in physiological functioning, behavior, and reproduction. Herein, this chapter enlightens various effects of commonly used NPs at cellular level as well as in organisms that may have implications linked to serious abnormal conditions such as cancer, diabetes, neurodisorders, cardiovascular, and hepatotoxicity.
Nowadays more than thousands of different nanoparticles are known, though no well-defined guidelines to evaluate their potential toxicity and to control their exposure are fully provided. The way of entry of nanoparticles together with their specificities such as chemistry, chemical composition, size, shape or morphology, surface charge and area can influence their biological activities and effects. A specific property may give rise to either a safe particle or to a dangerous one. The small size allows nanoparticles to enter the body by crossing several barriers, to pass into the blood stream and lymphatic system from where they can reach organs and tissues and strictly interact with biological structures, thus damaging their normal functions in different ways. This review provides a summary of what is known on the toxicology related to the specificity of nanoparticles, both as technological tools or ambient pollutants. The aim is to highlight their potential hazard and to provide a balanced update on all the important questions and directions that should be focused in the near future.
Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Biomedical Application: Nanotoxicology
Journal of Toxicology, 2021
Nanoparticles are of great importance in development and research because of their application in industries and biomedicine. The development of nanoparticles requires proper knowledge of their fabrication, interaction, release, distribution, target, compatibility, and functions. This review presents a comprehensive update on nanoparticles’ toxic effects, the factors underlying their toxicity, and the mechanisms by which toxicity is induced. Recent studies have found that nanoparticles may cause serious health effects when exposed to the body through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact without caution. The extent to which toxicity is induced depends on some properties, including the nature and size of the nanoparticle, the surface area, shape, aspect ratio, surface coating, crystallinity, dissolution, and agglomeration. In all, the general mechanisms by which it causes toxicity lie on its capability to initiate the formation of reactive species, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and neurotoxicity, among others.
Interactive threats of nanoparticles to the biological system
Immunology Letters, 2014
The use of nanoscale materials is growing exponentially, but concerns rise about the human hazards cannot be ignored. Nanotechnology has penetrated deep into our lives in diversified areas as engineering, information technology and diagnostics. Nonetheless owing to their peculiar properties these new materials also present new health risks upon interacting with biological systems. This is a typical case of technology preceding toxicity and therefore, various toxicological aspects for an array of nanomaterials are just beginning to be assessed. Several deleterious effects are being noticed, particularly in vitro situations as well as in mammalian system. Nanoparticles toxicity is compellingly related to oxidative stress, alteration of calcium homeostasis, gene expression, pro-inflammatory responses and cellular signalling events. It is therefore critical to understand the nature and origin of the toxicity imposed by nanomaterials. Keeping all these points in mind, the present review provides updated information on the various aspects such as sources of production, effect of different physical properties, interaction with biological system and mechanisms of engineered nanoparticles induced toxicities.
Assessment of Toxicity and Safety Profiles of Nanoparticles
Letters in Applied NanoBioscience, Vol 10, Issue 1, 2021
The world of medicine explored the use of nanoparticles in therapeutics in the last two decades. Owing to the advantages nanoparticles offer, they are proving beneficial to overcome many drawbacks faced by small drug molecules. Since the nature, architecture, shape, size, and mechanism of action of nanomedicines totally different from regularly used drugs, it is important to work on the possible toxicity these nanoparticles are causing so that its safety can be ensured. In today's scenario, a lot of industries and institutes are synthesizing nano drugs, so it is important to check its toxicity and safety evaluation under in vivo and in vitro conditions, as it has come to fore that number of metal and carbon-based nanoparticles, although proving useful further display increased toxicity. Taken into consideration nanoparticle toxicity and safety, the present review discusses the exact working of nanoparticles at the molecular, cellular, and physiological levels and the toxicity associated with it. The present strategies for safety assessment have also been reviewed. The research involving nanomaterials in therapeutics demand strict regulation in nanoparticle synthesis, its usage, properly regulated clinical trials ensuring safety assessment.
Critical Review on the Toxicity of Some Widely Used Engineered Nanoparticles
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2015
With tremendous increase in development of nanotechnology, there is a developing enthusiasm towards the application of nanoparticles in diverse areas. Carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, quantum dots, dendrimers, iron oxide, silica, gold and silver nanoparticles are frequently used in different applications such as drug delivery, as ceramic materials, semiconductors, electronics, in medicine, cosmetics, etc. Some of these nanoparticles have shown major toxic effects on fauna, flora and human beings like inflammation, cytotoxicity, tissue ulceration and reduction of cell viability. SWCNT and MWCNT can induce oxidative stress and fibrosis in the lungs of rat and mice. SWCNTs can also induce oxidative stress to the nervous system in human beings. Inflammatory injury and respiratory distress can be observed due to TiO 2 nanoparticles with small diameter. Nanoparticles can also pose detrimental effects on plants such as decreased growth rate, genomic and proteomic changes, etc. Toxicity of nanoparticles arises because of their specific characteristics such as greater 'surface area to volume ratio' compared with bulk particles of the same chemistry. The objective of this review is to critically evaluate the current literature on the toxicity of nanoparticles.
Cellular and Molecular Toxicology of Nanoparticles
Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 2018
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A Review of Nanoparticles Toxicity and Their Routes of Exposures
Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012
The new scientific innovation of engineering nanoparticles (NPs) at the atomic scale of 100 nm or less, has led to numerous novel and useful wide applications in electronics, chemicals, environmental protection, biological medicine. Manufacturers and consumers of the nanoparticles-related industrial products however, are likely to be exposed to these engineered nanomaterials which have various physical and chemical properties. These nanosize particles are likely to increase an unnecessary infinite toxicological effect on animals and environment, although their toxicological effects associated with human exposure are still unknown. In order to understand the effects of these exposures, this review seeks to examine the various toxicological portal routes associated with NPs exposures. These NPs can enter the host systems via skin spores, debilitated tissues, injection, olfactory, respiratory and intestinal tracts. These uptake routes of NPs may be intentional or unintentional. Their entry may lead to various diversified adverse biological effects. Until a clearer picture emerges, the limited data available suggest that caution must be exercised when potential exposures to NPs are encountered. Methods used in determining NPs portal of entry into experimental animals include pharyngeal instillation, injection, inhalation, cell culture lines and gavage exposures. This review also provides a step by step systematic approach for the easy identification and addressing of occupational health hazards arising from NPs.
In Vivo Toxicity of Nanoparticles: Modalities and Treatment
European Chemical Bulletin, 2014
In the present scenario, the burgeoning field of nanotechnology is playing central role in various real world applications. Researches engrossing nanoparticles are evolving at a rapid pace owing to which engineered nanomaterials are increasingly becoming part of daily life in the form of cosmetics, food packaging, drug delivery, therapeutics, biosensors, etc. It is intrigued that the properties of nanoparticles which bestow them their unique physicochemical characteristics could also lead to adverse biological consequences such as increased uptake and interaction with the biological systems. Nanomaterials, due to their small size could enter the body through various semi open anatomical interfaces and can penetrate through cells and organelles and disrupt their normal function, which could lead to tissue inflammation, altered cellular redox balance or even cell death. Nanoparticles unlike larger particles can transverse through the circulatory/lymphatic to various vital organs of th...