MANAGING INSECT PESTS & DISEASES OF CITRUS ON FARM ANALYSIS FROM PAKISTAN (original) (raw)
Related papers
MANAGING INSECT PESTS & DISEASES OF CITRUS: ON FARM ANALYSIS FROM PAKISTAN A B S T R A C T
Population pressure is increasing demanding more food for sustainable future but competition for key resources is high due to prevalence of insect pests and diseases. Numerous losses have been recorded due to diseases infestation in Pakistan particularly in case of citrus. On farm technicalities are increasing while farmers' technical knowledge is stagnant making insect pests and diseases pathogens resistant. Citrus is leading fruit and its better productivity is vital for the farmers and national economy but per acre production is lower that potential. Insect pests and diseases role is counted as significant in lowering the production. Therefore presents study was undertaken to explore growers concerns. 120 respondents were selected using probability sampling technique under survey based research design. Findings indicated that growers were more familiar to insects/pests attack than diseases infestation. The adoption of cultural and mechanical control was found more prominent method to manage diseases impacts. Lack of technical knowledge, Finance shortage, and high cost of inputs were the major adoption militating factors among growers. Micro credit schemes should be started by the public sector to alleviate the finance problem and trainings should be imparted by the pathology and entomology experts along with extension agents to adopt alternate way to manage the viral diseases.
Major insect pests of citrus crop and their management: A review
2021
Citrus is one of the most important fruits industries in the world, grown in more than 52 countries around the world. In India, 250 species of insects and mites have been reported infesting different species of citrus. The present study recorded the infestation of Lemon butterfly:
Diseases and Pests of Citrus (Citrus spp.)
Citrus spp. are susceptible to a number of destructive diseases that are continuously emerging and which can severely limit production or totally decimate an industry of a country. There is the well known tristeza caused by the Citrus tristeza virus, the crippling bacterial citrus huanglongbing (Candidatus Liberibacter) and canker (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri). Among fungal diseases, soil-borne infections caused by Phytophthora and postharvest pathogens are widespread and lead to heavy yield losses. Several species of phytonematodes have been detected in citrus rhizosphere, but the economic importance is known for only a few species. Tylenchulus semipenetrans occurs worldwide and can reduce yields when populations are dense. Other nematodes of local or regional importance include Radopholus citrophilus, Belonolaimus longicaudatus and species of Pratylenchus and Meloidogyne. Numerous species of insects have attained pest status at various locations at different times because of the damage they cause on citrus trees and fruits and the pathogens they transmit. Lepidopterans of major importance are Papilio spp., particularly the lime swallowtail butterfly, Papilio demoleus, which has recently invaded the western hemisphere. Larvae of coleopterans, Exophthalmus and Pachnaeus spp. cause extensive root damage, while adults damage young leaves. Of the aphid and psyllid species, Toxoptera citricida and Diaphorina citri, are considered as potentially the most dangerous at this time because they serve as vectors for Citrus tristeza virus and huanglongbing. This paper presents an overview of the important pathogens and pests limiting citrus production, diseases they elicit, genetic structure and diversity, and factors contributing to their emergence.
Evaluation of prevalence and incidence of citrus slow decline disease in citrus orchards in district Layyah. Abstract An assessment was accomplished, to evaluate the prevalence and incidence of Tylenchus semipenetrans (Cobb.) in district Layyah, in the year 2016. A total of 180 soil and root samples were collected from 60 localities of district Layyah in Pakistan. The analysis revealed that 46.67% of the samples were infested with the nematode. Maximum infestation (61.67%) was recorded in tehsil Chobara followed by Layyah (43.34%) and Karor lal-eesan (31.67%), respectively. In tehsil Chobara nematode in soil ranged from 1,102 to 11,070 per kg of soil and number of females ranged from 274 to 1,202 per gram of root followed by tehsil Layyah and Karor lal-eesan ranged from 918 to 10,430 and 1,018 to 9,854 and females per gram of root ranged from 168 to 857 and 120 to 990 respectively. This information is useful to create awareness about the citrus slow decline disease and for its rapid precautionary measures.
Studies on the relationships between seasonal ambient temperatures (weekly average, maximum and minimum) and the relative abundance and incidence of citrus leaf miner (CLM) on plants of different citrus varieties were conducted in citrus nurseries and orchards at two experimental farms in Pakistan by sampling infestations of CLM at weekly intervals from May through September. Significant relationships were found between CLM abundance and incidence and the temperature variables by correlation and regression analyses. Maximum, minimum and average weekly temperatures had consistent positive relations with CLM abundance and incidence, whereas, rainfall and relative humidity had either a negative or no correlation to insect infestation. Relative humidity at one site had a 2 positive correlation with CLM abundance and incidence (R value ranged from 0.29 to 0.72). Linear regression models were formulated with a CLM abundance as a response variable and stepwise addition of max. temp., min. temp, ave. temp. and RH as concomitant variables. Models explained 10-72% of the variation in the data sets based on the values of the regression coefficient. These results are discussed in view of previous studies of relationship of CLM infestation and its environment.
Disease free citrus nursery production and certification pragram in Pakistan
Pakistan's 70% of the population is engaged in agriculture. In the fields, sometimes quality product is not produced due to less control on environmental factors. The perishable products like vegetables, fruits and flower can only be made available in good quality during a limited time. Protected agriculture is the modification of the natural environment to increase yield and extend the growing season. So for, the initial focus of protected agriculture is upon off-season vegetable production in Pakistan. In the absence of storage infrastructure and vegetable processing industry in the country, off-season vegetable farming is the only viable option that can add value to the farmer produce. Health consciousness, increasing population at exponential rates and changing dietary patterns has generated a year round high demand for vegetables in the country in general and in major city centers in particular. Protected agriculture is a wide category of production methods providing some level of control over environmental constraints. Owing to less capital investment requirements plastic tunnels are a popular choice among the farmers for production of off season vegetables. The combination of earliness and greater yields significantly increases profits for the growers. In technologically advance countries it is routine practice to produce off season fruit crops like apples, guavas peaches, almonds and citrus etc by providing them suitable artificial environment and application of a variety of plant growth regulators. Moreover the tissue culture propagation is a good technique among several biotechnologies available today for vegetative propagation of horticultural crops, due to its commercial interests. Controlled/partially controlled environmental conditions in protected structures are also essential for acclimatization of plants developed through biotechnological means. Furthermore, sanitation practices can also be ensured under protected structures for the establishment of disease free plants. It is very encouraging that Chinese Industries are producing low cost equipment, machinery, structures and other allied accessories making this technology accessible for farming community of the under developed nations of the world.
Sarhad J. Agric, 2011
Population densities of different sucking pests of citrus and their biocontrol agents were studied during 2001-2003 at Charbagh (Swabi), Palai (Malakand Agency) and Khanpur (Haripur) areas of Khyber Pukhtun Khawa. Data at all sites were recorded at fifteen days interval. Population density of whiteflies and citrus psyllids were recorded as number of adults per leaf, while the leaf miner infestation was recorded as % infested leaves and the aphid's infestation was recorded as % infested shoots. The type and number of predators were counted per tree at the same time and collected for identification. Parasitoids were collected from infested leaves and shoots. Maximum infestation of whiteflies (2.27 adults per leaf) was recorded from Khanpure in April followed by Palai (1.96 adults per leaf) and Charbagh (0.25 adults per leaf) in August. Leaf miner was active throughout the year especially on fresh growth. The heaviest leaf miner infestation (55%) was recorded at Charbagh and Palai (49%) in October; while at Khanpur highest infestation (29%) was recorded in September. Citrus psylla population was highest (34 adults/leaf) in May at Khanpur followed by Palai (5.5 adults/leaf) in June. Lowest population (0.7 adults/leaf) was recorded in August at Charbagh. Maximum infestation 38.5% of aphids was observed at Khanpur in January followed by Charbagh 35.5% in November and 29% at Palai in March. Eight species of spiders and eight species of coccinellids were recorded at all locations. Green lace wing (Chrysoperla carnea) and syrphid fly (Syrphis sp.) were recorded only at Charbagh (Swabi). Binodoxys shillongensis was found as aphid parasitoid. Leaf miner was found to be parasitized by Allocerastichus obscurus and an unidentified chalcidoid wasp was reared from citrus psylla nymphs. No parasitoid was recovered from whitefly nymphs.
Journal of Agriculture and Environment
A study was carried out to assess farmers’ knowledge on insect pests of citrus and Integrated Pest management in citrus zone, Gulmi district. Survey sample size of 105 was taken from Dhurkot Rural Municipality, Chatrakot Rural Municipality and Resunga Municipality of the Gulmi district. Respondents were selected using simple random sampling technique and interviewed. The primary data were collected using pretested questionnaire. The knowledge on citrus insect pest is significantly associated positively with total citrus cultivation area (p=0.1%). The average years of engagement of 23.3 years and average mandarin cultivation area of 0.35 ha gives insight to great potentiality of farmers adopting integrated pest management. The result shows insect’s severity as one of the major problems with major insect pest of citrus as fruitfly, green stink bugs, white grubs, leaf miner, aphid and rent ants. Although (74.3 %) of the total respondents were found to have knowledge about term “IPM te...
Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science
Unlike other Tephrid flies, the Chinese citrus fly (Bactrocera minax Enderlein) is univoltine and oligophagous species strictly restricted to citrus fruits. It has been a serious threat to the citrus industry in China, Bhutan, India and Nepal causing up to 100% of fruit drop before the harvest. Citrus groves, especially tight-skinned cultivars, sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) in mid-hill districts like Ramechhap, Sindhuli, Dolakha, Kavre, Syangja, Gulmi, etc. have been threatened while in some pockets, lemon, acid lime, and mandarin have vanished due to the Chinese citrus fly (CCF). The driver behind the spread of this invasive pest seems to be poor research works on the phenology of the pest, ill-equipped management practices, flying nature of adult fly and easy movement of infested fruits. Therefore, with reviewing published data, this study aimed to figure out the most appropriate management technology for curbing the CCF and make comprehensive material for safeguarding ...
Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science
Chinese citrus fly is the major pest of sweet orange in citrus growing districts of Bagmati Province Nepal. Farmer’s production constrains and production problems such as Chinese citrus fly problem in sweet orange are not well documented and studied. This study was conducted in Sindhuli, Ramechhap, Dolakha and Kavre districts of Bagmati Province in 2021 with aim to understand the farmer’s perception, knowledge about CCF and their management practices using semi-structured questionnaire. Collected survey data was analyzed using the SPSS-20 and MS Excel. The survey results depicted that the intensity of Chinese citrus fly damage has been decreased in Sindhuli district with the infestation level of < 20% in sweet orange orchard. However, CCF population as well as their damage level was in increasing trend of > 50% in sweet orange orchard in Ramechhap, and > 80% in Dolakha and Kavre district. Chinese citrus fly loss has been recorded up to 25% in Mandarin orange in Dolakha and ...