BUILDING, CONSTRUCTED REGIONS AND THE EARTHQUAKE IN KOCAELI (original) (raw)
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The behaviors of the structures of the rural area during the Basyurt-Karakocan (Elazig) Earthquake, which occurred on March 8th of 2010, were investigated with this study. To conduct the evaluation of damages, the structures were investigated on the field right after the earthquake and the damages were recorded. The observed damages were interpreted with regard to the principles of the all previously effectuated regulations in order to take the limitations defined at the year of the construction into the consideration. It was observed that the majority of the structures, which were constructed by using adobe, brick, stone, or wood, were far-off the principles of regulations. It is hoped that the presented study will activate the assessment and the retrofit of the structures (having similar characteristics) that were constructed in similar earthquake zones.
The August 17, 1999, Kocaeli (Turkey) earthquake — damage to structures
Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2001
The 1975 Turkish code provisions are first reviewed to provide the background for design and detailing of structures prior to the earthquake. The performance of reinforced concrete and masonry structures is described indicating many of the deficiencies in design, detailing, and construction execution. The behaviour of precast concrete structures, steel structures, and industrial facilities is also presented. The provisions of the 1997 Turkish building code are summarized and a description of new construction provides evidence of both excellent and poor construction practice. Some examples of retrofitting of damaged structures soon after the earthquake are also presented.
Natural Hazards, 2007
The characteristics of the strong ground motion accelerograms from the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake are investigated in detail in this study. The emphasis is on the comparison of the response spectra for the fault normal (FN) and fault parallel (FP) components of the ground motions. The results show that the near-fault records with directivity effects characterize themselves with increased base shear demands rather than increased displacement demands for both the FN and FP components and a narrower velocity sensitive region for the FN component. This study also shows that the effectiveness of base isolation may vary from site to site and for a given site, from component to component. The site effects in the Marmara region during the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake are examined. Site amplifications are predicted by the classical spectral ratio (CSR) and the receiver function (RF) methods. The CSR method gives higher estimates for the site amplifications compared to the RF method and is in better conformity with the observed damage during the Kocaeli earthquake. The districts of Istanbul that are especially susceptible to site amplification hazard are determined. It is apparent from the results that the site amplification hazard risk is the highest for Avcilar and Bakirkoy districts. This study also shows that for sites which have the risk of soil amplification for long-period structures, liquefaction may not be beneficial as a natural base isolator, and may result in shifting the eigenperiod of the low-and mid-rise structures to the critical periods with high site amplifications. This may be especially the case for Avcilar and Bakirkoy districts. In Fatih, Bakirkoy, and Cekmece districts, the predominant period of the ground motion is calculated to be very close to the eigenperiods of the typical residential buildings. Therefore, these three districts are expected to experience heavier damages in future earthquakes due to resonance effects.
The aftermath of disaster in urban areas: An evaluation of the 1999 earthquake in Turkey
Cities, 2004
The earthquake on the 17th of August 1999 in the Marmara region of Turkey took more than 17,000 lives and destroyed more than 280,000 homes. The Turkish Government launched construction projects, but the outcome has been disappointing. Priority has been given to cost-efficient earthquake resistant construction, and functionality was neglected. Important social, environmental, and historical dimensions of the housing were forgotten. This paper presents the results of a study investigating the earthquake housing projects, particularly the Hereke Earthquake Housing Project. This project started in March 2000 and was completed in June 2001. The objective of the study was to evaluate the success of the earthquake housing project; negative points were identified, and the origins of those problems analyzed. Most of the problems were due to the fact that the participation of the general public had not been possible, nor were academic experts consulted. The consequences of those mistakes are elaborated, and what can be done in order not to repeat the same mistakes is discussed. Q
Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanics
Two major earthquakes occurred on the Eastern Anatolian Fault Line (EAF) on February 6, 2023, with an interval of nine hours. These earthquakes, measuring Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6, were centered in the districts of Pazarcık and Elbistan in the province of Kahramanmaraş. They directly affected 11 provinces (Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, Adıyaman, Osmaniye, Gaziantep, Şanlıurfa, Malatya, Diyarbakır, Adana, Kilis, and Elazığ) in the Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia, caused significant loss of life and property. This study aims to present the field investigation and performance evaluation of engineering structures in the mentioned cities. The types of damages occurring in the reinforced concrete (RC) and masonry buildings, historical and industrial structures, bridges, and mosques were given in detail. According to the data of the Ministry of Treasury and Finance of Türkiye, it has been reported that the cost of these earthquakes is approximately 103.6 billion dollars, which corresponds to nine perce...
Damage Assessment of Buildings in Adıyaman-Gölbaşı after Kahramanmaras Earthquakes (6 February 2023)
2022
According to the data of Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD), on 6 February 2023, at 4.17 and 13.24 (at Turkish time), earthquakes with magnitudes of 7.7 and 7.6 (Mw) occurred with epicentres in Pazarcık (Kahramanmaraş) and Elbistan (Kahramanmaraş), respectively. These earthquakes affected 11 provinces of Turkey and were recorded as the most destructive earthquakes in the last century. Adıyaman-Gölbaşı was also highly affected by these earthquakes, which caused loss of life and property, and numerous buildings were destroyed and damaged. In this study, the situation of Gölbaşı district of Adıyaman province after the earthquakes was discussed. The current situation in the city as of May has been documented. Damaged reinforced concrete structures were examined on-site in terms of structural irregularities, application methods and material properties and the causes of the damages were evaluated. It was determined that there were major damages especially in the settlement areas close to the lake. The results of the study clearly reveal that natural disasters that may occur are directly related not only to structural systems but also to ground conditions.
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF RESIDENTIAL AREAS FOLLOWING THE 1999 EARTHQUAKE IN TURKEY
After the earthquake in the region of Marmara, already existing housing shortage rapidly increased. Permanent residential projects were formed to meet the housing needs; priority was given to those who lost their homes during the earthquake. In addition to permanent residential projects, communal residential projects drew attention as well. As a result of the mentioned housing shortage, various unions and institutions undertook the project of establishing numerous new residential areas. In this study we aimed to observe and to work on classification criteria concerning new residential areas, hence we tried to classify these new establishments according to the criteria we have made. In cities such as Kocaeli, Yalova and Sakarya, which were directly struck by the earthquake, similarities as well as differences were observed and they determined the selection on new residential areas. It is to be noticed that the changes, especially in Istanbul and in other cities in eastern Marmara, were not realised as a consequence of the earthquake, but in expectation of a major one and coincided with the tertiary era cities. Accordingly, new residential areas that were established after the earthquake were closely examined and after the processes concerning the settlements, they were put forward. The new formations were compared with the tertiary era cities. The differences and the similarities were studied.
Evaluation of the Condition of Antakya (Antioch) Urban Site after the Kahramanmaraş Earthquake
Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications , 2024
Throughout history, many cultural heritage buildings worldwide have been severely damaged by earthquakes and even faced the risk of destruction. On February 6, 2023, two earthquakes with a magnitude of 7.7, centered in Pazarcık and 7.6 in Elbistan, occurred in Kahramanmaraş Province. This study examines the registered buildings in the Antakya urban conservation area after these earthquakes. Within the scope of the study, 250 registered buildings in the area were examined, and their post-earthquake conditions were determined. The city of Antakya is a unique city that has been home to many civilizations due to its location in the historical process it has undergone; it has been kneaded with various religious, ethnic, and cultural richness of these civilizations and reflects the cultural diversity and layeredness created by history. For this reason, it is thought that it is very important to determine the post-earthquake conditions of these buildings, which have an important place in the city's identity.