Development of a 1D Triple GEM X-ray detector for a high-resolution x-ray diagnostics at JET (original) (raw)
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Recent developments in secondary emission gaseous X-ray imaging detectors
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 1994
The conversion of X-ray photons in a thin solid film and the detection of the subsequent secondary electrons in a low-pressure avalanche wire chamber is the basis for a new type of fast, high resolution parallax-free X-ray imaging detectors, The combination of the high emission yield of low energy secondary electrons from alkali halides with the particular properties of low-pressure avalanche electron multipliers results in a fast detection process, free of space charge effects even at high radiation flux. We summarize recent experimental and theoretical results connected with these secondary emission gaseous detectors which have a broad field of potential applications. Simulations of a real-size ultrafast transition radiation detector based on this principle indicate its outstanding particle identification properties, of prime importance for the very demanding environment of future colliders.
Development of a fast X-ray detector
1978
This thesis describes the development of a gas scintillation drift counter as a high counting rate X-ray detector. The new device is a modified version of the gas scintillation counter which is capable of working in a digital mode at a quite high rate without producing space charge effects. A gas scintillation drift counter has been built to investigate its behaviour using a gas mixture of argon and nitrogen. Scintillation and transport properties of the gas mixture have been studied using an Am(^241) α-particle source and a (Fe(^55)) 5.9 keV radioactive X-ray source in order to obtain optimum relative compositions of argon and nitrogen. The effects of various operating parameters on the energy resolution of the counter and the characteristics of output pulses have been extensively studied. When deciding on the counter parameters and operating conditions, a special emphasis has been placed on conditions which produce a minimum of space charge around the anode, and small pulse-widths...
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Two Triple Gas Electron Multiplier (Triple-GEM) detectors were developed for highresolution X-ray spectroscopy measurements for tokamak plasma to serve as plasma evolution monitoring in soft X-ray region (SXR). They provide energy resolved fast dynamic plasma radiation imaging in the SXR with 0.1 kHz frequency. Detectors were designed and constructed for continuous data-flow precise energy and position measurement of plasma radiation emitted by metal impurities, W 46+ and Ni 26+ ions, at 2.4 keV and 7.8 keV photon energies, respectively. High counting rate capability of the detecting units has been achieved with good position resolution. This article presents results of the laboratory and tokamak experiments together with the system performance under irradiation by photon flux from the plasma core.
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Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 1994
A new class of X-ray imaging gaseous detectors was developed, based on photon conversion in a thin film and the detection of the emitted secondary electrons with a low-pressure avalanche wire chamber. Their main features are parallax-free imaging with a submillimeter spatial resolution over a broad range of X-ray energies, a nanosecond response and a counting rate capability above 1 MHz/mm 2. The imaging characteristics of a large area secondary electron emission (SEE) detector equipped with CA, Ag and Ta photoconvertors, in the photon energy range of 6-60 keV are summarized . In localization capability this detector can successfully compete with commercial image intensifier systems and medical film-screen combinations .
Gem detectors for X-ray astronomy
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, 2003
Applicability of a Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detector for the X-ray astronomy will be studied. The final goal of this feasibility study is to produce a sealed GEM detector designed for space flights and several GEM detectors will be constructed during the project. The design of the first prototype GEM with a double GEM foil structure, and its data acquisition system is described. The front-end electronics is installed within the gas volume. To qualify as a space instrument, the detector system has to sustain reliable long-term operation. Therefore special attention is paid to the measurements of the outgassing properties of the construction materials and on the aging characteristics of the detector. The design criteria of the detector include the following specifications: 1) position resolution better than 0.2 mm at 6 keV, 2) energy resolution 20% at 6 keV and 3) large active area (about 15 cm  15 cm) with a thin Be window (75-150 mm).
Characterization of a scintillating GEM detector with low energy x-rays
Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2008
A two-dimensional position-sensitive dosimetry system based on a scintillating gas detector is being developed with the aim of using it for pre-treatment verification of dose distributions in charged particle therapy. The dosimetry system consists of a chamber filled with an Ar/CF 4 scintillating gas mixture, inside which two cascaded gas electron multipliers (GEMs) are mounted. A GEM is a thin kapton foil with copper cladding structured with a regular pattern of sub-mm holes. In such a system, light quanta are emitted by the scintillating gas mixture during the electron avalanches in the GEM holes when radiation traverses the detector. The light intensity distribution is proportional to the energy deposited in the detector's sensitive volume by the beam. In the present work, we investigated the optimization of the scintillating GEM detector light yield. The light quanta are detected by means of a CCD camera or a photomultiplier tube coupled to a monochromator. The GEM charge signal is measured simultaneously. We have found that with 60 μm diameter double conical GEM holes, a brighter light signal and a higher electric signal are obtained than with 80 μm diameter holes. With an Ar + 8% CF 4 volume concentration, the highest voltage across the GEMs and the largest light and electric signals were reached. Moreover, we have found that the emission spectrum of Ar/CF 4 is independent of (1) the voltages applied across the GEMs, (2) the x-ray beam intensity and (3) the GEM hole diameter. On the other hand, the ratio of Ar to CF 4 peaks in the spectrum changes when the concentration of the latter gas is varied.
Triple-GEM detectors operation under gas recirculation in high-rate radiation environment
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2020
At the CERN LHC experiments, several gaseous detector technologies are operated in gas recirculation mode to lower operational costs and gas emissions. In the next years, Micro Pattern Gaseous Detector (MPGD) technologies will be largely implemented in the LHC experiments, with dedicated gas systems, and they will experience a significantly increased background radiation rate, especially in the HL-LHC phase. It is therefore fundamental to study MPGD operated with LHC gas systems, especially under gas recirculation, to be able to guarantee their safe long-term operation. In this context, the performance of Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors operated in gas recirculating systems have been studied at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++), which provides an intense gamma irradiation along with a Muon beam from the SPS accelerator. Triple-GEM detectors performance has been studied in relation to operation stability during long-term high rate irradiation, as well as in terms of Muon detection efficiency with different gamma background rates. Both tests were realized with various gas mixtures and gas system conditions. A complete overview of the results obtained at the GIF++ is presented, showing the successful operation of Triple-GEM detectors during long-term high-rate irradiation and good Muon detection efficiency in LHC HL-like background radiation.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020
We discuss the operational principle and performance of new micro-pattern gaseous detectors based on the multi-layer Thick Gaseous Electron Multiplier (M-THGEM) concept coupled to a needle-like anode. The new gas avalanche structure aims at high-gain operation in nuclear physics and nuclear astrophysics applications with radioactive isotope beams. It is thereafter named TIP-HOLE gas amplifier, and consists of a THGEM or a two-layers M-THGEM mounted in a WELL configuration. The avalanche electrodes are collected by thin conductive needles (with up to a few ten um radius and a height of 100 um), located at the center of the hole and acting as point-like anode. The bottom area of the needle may be surrounded by a cylindrical cathode strip in order to increase the electron collection efficiency. The electric field lines from the drift region above the M-THGEM are focused into the holes, and then forced to converge on the needle tip. An extremely high field is reached at the top of the needle, creating a point-like avalanche process. Stable, high-gain operations in a wide range of pressures may be achieved at relatively low operational voltage, even in pure quencher gas at atmospheric pressure (e.g. pure isobutene). The TIP-HOLE structure may be produced by the innovative scalable additive manufacturing technology for large-area, multiple-layer printed circuit boards, recently developed by the UHV technology company (USA) and discussed for the first time in this work.
Journal of Instrumentation, 2009
The source characteristics of the European XFEL and the planned experimental facilities that are relevant for the X-ray detectors are presented, and the requirements for the 2dimensional X-ray Detectors are stated and explained. It is clear that, although these requirements will evolve with time, they demand new detector concepts to be developed. Three X-ray detector development projects have been initiated by the European XFEL, each using a conceptually different approach to meet the stringent requirements. The basic principles used in the projects are briefly presented.
Effective gain and Ion Back Flow study of triple and quadruple gem detector
Cornell University - arXiv, 2020
Gas electron Multipliers (GEM) are a new generation of gaseous avalanche devices in the Micro Patterned Gaseous Detector category. GEMs are widely used in both nuclear and high energy experiments as well as in medical science. Several parameters define the performance of these types of devices under various experimental conditions. This article focuses on the study of effective gain and Ion Back Flow (IBF) in both triple and quadruple GEM detectors. Effective gain and IBF are two of the most important parameters in determining the performance of GEM detectors.